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OSW Commentary | | Paulina Wankiewicz-Kłoczko

Bosnia and Herzegovina in limbo 30 years since the Dayton Agreement

Thirty years after the signing of the Dayton Agreement, Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) remains a state mired in persistent institutional crises. The country’s existing political and constitutional model is a direct legacy of the constitution…
OSW Commentary | | OSWs Central European Department

A blow to Russias influence in Central Europe US sanctions target Russias oil sector

The sanctions imposed by the United States on Russia’s two largest oil companies on 22 October carry significant consequences for those Central European countries that have maintained their energy ties to Russia. Although the EU has…
OSW Commentary | | Sandra Baniak-Stachowiak

Rijeka Gateway Terminal – a new competitor in the race for Central European markets

On 29 October 2025, the Rijeka Gateway container terminal was officially opened in the presence of Croatian Prime Minister, Andrej Plenković, Danish Foreign Minister, Lars Løkke Rasmussen, and Keith Svendsen, the CEO of APM Terminals,…
OSW Commentary | | Jan Nowinowski

A nationalist voice of protest the resurgence of radical parties in Bulgaria

The political crisis that has persisted in Bulgaria since 2021 initially weakened traditional nationalist forces, which lost their parliamentary representation. However, the transitional period was seized upon by new radical parties,…
OSW Commentary | | Jan Nowinowski

The little Big Brother is still watching Montenegros response to Serbias influence

Independent since 2006, Montenegro continues to pursue a Euro-Atlantic foreign policy direction, although it remains within the sphere of Serbian political, economic, cultural, and media influence. This is manifested in the tangible…
OSW Commentary | | Kamil Całus, Adam Michalski, Jan Nowinowski, Jacek Tarociński

Romania Bulgaria and Turkey in the Black Sea region increased cooperation

The Russian Federation’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine has heightened security risks for NATO allies in the Black Sea region, namely Romania, Bulgaria and Turkey. These countries differ in how they perceive the challenges and threats, as…
OSW Commentary | | Piotr Szymański

NATO summit in The Hague Trumps return and a two-component 5 of GDP on defence

The NATO summit in The Hague (24–25 June) – the first chaired by new Secretary General Mark Rutte – was minimalist in both form and content. It concluded with a record-low five-point declaration. This approach to a meeting of NATO heads of…
OSW Commentary | | Paulina Wankiewicz-Kłoczko

Croatias demographic crisis how to address depopulation

Over three decades of independence, Croatia has lost nearly 20% of its population. The main drivers of this depopulation are mass emigration (which gathered pace after the country joined the EU in 2013) and the persistently low birth rate…
OSW Commentary | | Marta Szpala

Students vs the system – protest strategies in Serbia

The mass protests, ongoing for six months and led primarily by student movements, have highlighted the scale of public frustration with President Aleksandar Vučić’s style of governance. They also point to a shift in the aspirations of…
OSW Commentary | | Kamil Całus

Elections for the chosen few Romania nears the end of its presidential campaign

On 4 May, the first round of the presidential election will be held in Romania. This will be the country’s second attempt in six months to elect a head of state. The previous vote, held at the end of 2024, culminated in scandal. On 6…