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OSW Commentary |
| Adam Michalski
In 2025, Turkey increased its LNG imports by more than 32% year-on-year, enabling a genuine diversification of suppliers. The rise resulted from the availability of liquefied gas and growing domestic demand, driven by macroeconomic…
OSW Commentary |
| Filip Rudnik
The fall in Russia’s oil and gas revenues observed since mid-2025, driven by falling global oil prices and a strong rouble, has deepened further owing to steep discounts applied to Russian crude in the final months of last year. These…
OSW Commentary |
| Wojciech Konończuk
Ukraine has survived the fourth, and arguably most difficult, year of the war. Russian forces maintained the initiative and made battlefield advances, but failed to achieve any significant operational gains or to secure a strategic…
OSW Commentary |
| Marek Menkiszak
In recent weeks, discussions have intensified regarding the possible resumption of dialogue – including at the highest political level – between the European Union, its Member States, and the Russian Federation. This debate has unfolded in…
OSW Commentary |
| Agata Łoskot-Strachota
Since 2022, the EU has undergone a rapid transformation of its natural gas and crude oil import mix. Faced with Russia’s full-scale war against Ukraine, now in its fourth year, and the Russian-European economic war, the EU has almost…
OSW Commentary |
| Filip Rudnik
Despite Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in 2022, Rosatom, unlike many other Russian energy companies, has not faced significant Western sanctions. This has enabled it to continue operating in the key area of supplying nuclear technology to…
OSW Commentary |
| Andrzej Kohut
Recent weeks have been dominated by negotiations involving the United States, Ukraine, and Europe aimed at ending the Russia-Ukraine war, including efforts to draft post-conflict security guarantees for Ukraine and debates surrounding the…
OSW Commentary |
| Filip Rudnik, Maciej Kalwasiński
Cooperation in the energy sector, which has long been a key pillar of Russia-China economic relations, has assumed even greater importance since Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. For the Kremlin, the sale of fossil fuels to China provides a…
OSW Commentary |
| Iwona Wiśniewska
On 28 November, Vladimir Putin signed the Russian Federation’s 2026 budget law and approved the overall parameters of the budgets for 2027–28, after the document had passed swiftly through parliament. In drafting next year’s budget, the…
OSW Commentary |
| Iwona Wiśniewska
Low export prices for crude oil and the slowdown in economic activity that has persisted since mid-2024 have severely constrained the Kremlin’s financial capacity and forced the government to undertake a major revision of its economic…