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OSW Commentary |
| Witold Rodkiewicz, Filip Rudnik, Iwona Wiśniewska
The US-Israeli attack on Iran has had varied consequences for Russia. In political and strategic terms, the challenge posed by the Trump administration’s policy based on the use of force – targeting Moscow’s allies and exposing its…
OSW Commentary |
| Filip Rudnik
The fall in Russia’s oil and gas revenues observed since mid-2025, driven by falling global oil prices and a strong rouble, has deepened further owing to steep discounts applied to Russian crude in the final months of last year. These…
OSW Commentary |
| Filip Rudnik
Despite Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in 2022, Rosatom, unlike many other Russian energy companies, has not faced significant Western sanctions. This has enabled it to continue operating in the key area of supplying nuclear technology to…
OSW Commentary |
| Filip Rudnik, Maciej Kalwasiński
Cooperation in the energy sector, which has long been a key pillar of Russia-China economic relations, has assumed even greater importance since Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. For the Kremlin, the sale of fossil fuels to China provides a…
OSW Commentary |
| Iwona Wiśniewska, Filip Rudnik
Since the beginning of 2025, Russian oil exporters have faced difficulties that are negatively impacting the state’s oil and gas revenues. Sanctions, combined with a strong rouble and falling global oil prices, are increasingly…
OSW Commentary |
| Filip Rudnik
The EU embargo on Russian coal and the resulting need to redirect its supplies to other markets have significantly exacerbated the problems faced by Russia’s coal sector, which is finding it increasingly challenging to generate the…
OSW Commentary |
| Filip Rudnik
Russia is gradually advancing its ‘pivot to the East’ in natural gas exports, as evidenced by the growing importance of China, which has become Gazprom’s most significant market. The redirection of supply volumes to Asia is a necessity for…
OSW Commentary |
| Agata Łoskot-Strachota, Sławomir Matuszak, Filip Rudnik
Ukraine’s seizure of a portion of Russian territory containing strategically important gas infrastructure assets has not resulted in a reduction of Russian gas flow to EU consumers. However, the rising security risks along this route in…
OSW Commentary |
| Filip Rudnik
Ukrainian drone strikes on refinery facilities inside Russia have dealt a significant blow to the Russian fuel sector. During the first four months of 2024, the Ukrainian forces attacked more than a dozen refineries; damage of varying…
OSW Commentary |
| Filip Rudnik
The successive moves to tighten the Western sanctions regime targeting the Russian LNG sector have aggravated the problems affecting it as it faces major difficulties which are jeopardising its further development. The technology embargo…