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OSW Commentary |
| Piotr Szymański, Agata Łoskot-Strachota, Jacek Tarociński
NATO is entering a decisive phase in its efforts to strengthen its deterrence and defence. Faced with the war in Ukraine and the long-term threat posed by Russia, the allies agreed at their recent summit in The Hague to increase defence…
OSW Commentary |
| Krzysztof Nieczypor
Since the start of Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine, Denmark has allocated €8.5 billion for military aid and €854 million for civilian support to Kyiv. According to data compiled by the Kiel Institute for the World Economy, this sum…
OSW Commentary |
| Michał Kędzierski
Under the new government, Germany’s energy and climate policy is likely to undergo only limited adjustments rather than any fundamental shifts. Both the coalition agreement between the CDU/CSU and the SPD and the early weeks of Friedrich…
OSW Commentary |
| Adam Michalski
The global shift towards electromobility is placing pressure on Turkey’s automotive industry (ranked twelfth globally and third in Europe), which remains heavily dependent on the production of internal combustion vehicles for European…
OSW Commentary |
| Miłosz Bartosiewicz
As the strategic rivalry between Russia and the Western world has intensified, Moscow has increasingly instrumentalised the humanitarian aid it provides in response to crises and disasters as well as its official development assistance (…
OSW Commentary |
| Jan Nowinowski
Independent since 2006, Montenegro continues to pursue a Euro-Atlantic foreign policy direction, although it remains within the sphere of Serbian political, economic, cultural, and media influence. This is manifested in the tangible…