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Analyses |
| Łukasz Maślanka, Sławomir Matuszak, Iwona Wiśniewska
During its summit on 18–19 December, the European Council did not agree to grant Ukraine the so-called reparations loan based on frozen Russian assets. However, a decision was taken to provide Kyiv with an interest-free loan of €90 billion…
OSW Commentary |
| Krzysztof Strachota
The so-called Twelve-Day War between Israel and Iran in June 2025 marked the culmination of a decades-long international crisis surrounding Iran. The conflict significantly weakened the Iranian state but failed to resolve the core issue:…
Analyses |
| Zuzanna Krzyżanowska
In 2025, the Turkish–Kurdish peace process witnessed several breakthrough developments, most notably the disarmament of the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK), the organisation’s self-dissolution, and – above all – the withdrawal of its…
Analyses |
| Krzysztof Dębiec
On 15 December, President Petr Pavel formally nominated the government of Andrej Babiš, formed following the elections to the Chamber of Deputies held on 3–4 October (see ‘Parliamentary elections in the Czech Republic: Babiš's triumph’).
Analyses |
| Sławomir Matuszak
The budget for next year, signed by President Volodymyr Zelensky on 10 December, provides for revenues of 2.9 trillion hryvnias (approximately $68.7 billion) and expenditures of 4.8 trillion hryvnias (approximately $113.8 billion). As in…
Analyses |
| Krzysztof Nieczypor, Piotr Żochowski, Jacek Tarociński
Analyses |
| Kamil Kłysiński, Andrzej Kohut
Following talks with Alyaksandr Lukashenka in Minsk on 12–13 December, the US President’s Special Envoy for Belarus, John Coale, announced the lifting of the embargo on Belarusian potash fertilisers, originally imposed in 2021. In return,…
OSW Commentary |
| Filip Rudnik, Maciej Kalwasiński
Cooperation in the energy sector, which has long been a key pillar of Russia-China economic relations, has assumed even greater importance since Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. For the Kremlin, the sale of fossil fuels to China provides a…
Analyses |
| Lidia Gibadło, Anna Kwiatkowska
In the first week of December, Chancellor Friedrich Merz undertook a two-day visit to Jordan and Israel – his first since assuming office. In Jordan, he met King Abdullah II, to whom he expressed support for a two-state solution to the…
Analyses |
| Wojciech Konończuk, Krzysztof Nieczypor, Witold Rodkiewicz
During a press briefing on 11 December, President Volodymyr Zelensky provided an update on the current state of negotiations over the US-backed peace plan. It is currently based on a 20-point agreement designed to address the key issues:…