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OSW Commentary |
| Agata Łoskot-Strachota, Krzysztof Dębiec
Since the outbreak of war in the Persian Gulf, Europe has faced growing difficulties in its market for refined petroleum products. Although the Strait of Hormuz has been gradually reopening since the second half of September, allowing…
OSW Commentary |
| Krzysztof Strachota
Since 28 February this year, the United States and Israel have been embroiled in an armed conflict with Iran. Neither the military operations nor the pressure aimed at destabilising the Iranian system have proved sufficient to achieve the…
OSW Commentary |
| Maria Domańska
Between 18 and 20 September, Russia held parliamentary elections to determine the make-up of the new 450-member State Duma, the lower house of parliament. The vote coincided with an annual series of regional and local elections. For the…
OSW Commentary |
| Łukasz Maślanka
France’s defence industry received a major boost following the start of Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine. In 2025, the French armed forces and foreign customers placed orders worth around €58 billion, almost three times the value of…
OSW Commentary |
| Iwona Wiśniewska, Filip Rudnik
Since early June this year, Ukraine has stepped up drone attacks on Russian shipping in the Sea of Azov and the Black Sea, as well as on port infrastructure along the coast. This has severely curtailed the flow of Russian commodities…
OSW Commentary |
| Sandra Baniak-Stachowiak
For more than half a century, Rotterdam, Antwerp and Hamburg have remained Europe’s largest seaports. In recent years, however, their growth has slowed considerably, while cargo throughput has remained virtually unchanged. Although they…
OSW Commentary |
| Marek Matusiak
On 17 July, the Knesset voted to dissolve itself at the end of its term, paving the way for elections on 27 October. This was the first Israeli parliament since the 1980s to complete a full four-year term and the first Israeli government…
OSW Commentary |
| Kamil Frymark
The elections scheduled for 6 September in Saxony-Anhalt will be crucial for Germany’s political system. For the first time in the history of the Federal Republic of Germany, the Alternative for Germany (AfD) has a real chance of taking…
OSW Commentary |
| Michał Kędzierski
Friedrich Merz’s government has pushed through a sweeping overhaul of the so-called heating law, the central policy instrument for transforming the heating sector. Its previous version was one of the most controversial pieces of…
OSW Commentary |
| Ilona Gizińska
Péter Magyar’s first hundred days in office have marked Hungary’s most significant political shift since Fidesz came to power in 2010. A constitutional majority, combined with high levels of public trust, has allowed the new government to…