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OSW Commentary | | Sandra Baniak-Stachowiak

North Sea ports caught in a stagnation trap

For more than half a century, Rotterdam, Antwerp and Hamburg have remained Europe’s largest seaports. In recent years, however, their growth has slowed considerably, while cargo throughput has remained virtually unchanged. Although they…
OSW Commentary | | Marek Menkiszak

Sometimes it is better not to talk Pitfalls of potential dialogue between Europe and Russia

In recent weeks, discussions have intensified regarding the possible resumption of dialogue – including at the highest political level – between the European Union, its Member States, and the Russian Federation. This debate has unfolded in…
OSW Commentary | | Agata Łoskot-Strachota

Excessive dependence The growing role of US LNG and oil in the EU market

Since 2022, the EU has undergone a rapid transformation of its natural gas and crude oil import mix. Faced with Russia’s full-scale war against Ukraine, now in its fourth year, and the Russian-European economic war, the EU has almost…