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OSW Commentary |
| Aleksandra Kozaczyńska
According to the government forecast, the German economy will remain stagnant in 2025, marking the third consecutive year without GDP growth. The CDU/CSU–SPD coalition faces the urgent task of implementing comprehensive reforms aimed at…
OSW Commentary |
| Bartosz Chmielewski
Russia’s invasion of Ukraine served as a catalyst for Estonian diplomacy. The narrative of a country of one million people on the periphery of the European Union, warning of the real threat posed by Russia, has become one of the most…
OSW Commentary |
| Krzysztof Dębiec
Slovakia, like other countries in the region, is grappling with serious demographic challenges. The number of deaths is increasingly outpacing the number of births, largely due to a declining fertility rate, and the migration balance is…
OSW Commentary |
| Piotr Szymański
Following Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine and the accession of Finland and Sweden to NATO, cooperation between the Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden) and the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, and…
OSW Commentary |
| Marta Szpala
The mass protests, ongoing for six months and led primarily by student movements, have highlighted the scale of public frustration with President Aleksandar Vučić’s style of governance. They also point to a shift in the aspirations of…
OSW Commentary |
| Bartłomiej Pierzchała
https://www.osw.waw.pl/sanctions/
High-level analysis of the European Union’s response to the embargo on dual-use item exports to Russia.
Dual-Use Sanctions to Russia
OSW Commentary |
| Kamil Frymark
In 2024, a total of 230,000 first-time asylum applications were submitted in Germany – a 30% decrease compared to 2023. This trend deepened in Q1 2025, when 36,000 applications were lodged, representing a year-on-year drop of 45%. The most…
OSW Commentary |
| Marcin Jędrysiak, Tadeusz Iwański
For several months, Ukraine has seen increased political activity from both the government and the opposition. Statements by the US president expressing a desire to swiftly negotiate a Ukrainian-Russian ceasefire, which could pave the way…
OSW Commentary |
| Iwona Wiśniewska, Filip Rudnik
Since the beginning of 2025, Russian oil exporters have faced difficulties that are negatively impacting the state’s oil and gas revenues. Sanctions, combined with a strong rouble and falling global oil prices, are increasingly…
OSW Commentary |
| Kamil Całus
On 4 May, the first round of the presidential election will be held in Romania. This will be the country’s second attempt in six months to elect a head of state. The previous vote, held at the end of 2024, culminated in scandal. On 6…