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OSW Commentary |
| Agata Łoskot-Strachota, Krzysztof Dębiec
Since the outbreak of war in the Persian Gulf, Europe has faced growing difficulties in its market for refined petroleum products. Although the Strait of Hormuz has been gradually reopening since the second half of September, allowing…
Analyses |
| Piotr Szymański
At the NATO summit in Ankara (7–8 July), Europe and Canada presented President Donald Trump with a significant increase in defence spending, new military procurements and industrial investments. They also expressed their readiness to…
OSW Commentary |
| Krzysztof Dębiec
The annual gathering of the Sudeten German Homeland Association – the largest organisation representing Germans expelled from Czechoslovakia and their descendants – has sparked considerable political controversy and media debate in the…
OSW Commentary |
| Marek Menkiszak
In recent weeks, discussions have intensified regarding the possible resumption of dialogue – including at the highest political level – between the European Union, its Member States, and the Russian Federation. This debate has unfolded in…
OSW Commentary |
| Agata Łoskot-Strachota
Since 2022, the EU has undergone a rapid transformation of its natural gas and crude oil import mix. Faced with Russia’s full-scale war against Ukraine, now in its fourth year, and the Russian-European economic war, the EU has almost…
Analyses |
| Krzysztof Dębiec
On 23 January, the Czech-based defence conglomerate Czechoslovak Group (CSG) made an exceptionally successful debut on the Euronext Amsterdam stock exchange. The company’s market value surged by 30% to over €33 billion on the first day of…