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OSW Commentary |
| Agata Łoskot-Strachota
Since 2022, the EU has undergone a rapid transformation of its natural gas and crude oil import mix. Faced with Russia’s full-scale war against Ukraine, now in its fourth year, and the Russian-European economic war, the EU has almost…
Analyses |
| Jan Nowinowski
On 19 January, the Hungarian oil and gas company MOL announced that it had signed a binding heads of agreement with the Russian petrochemical company Gazprom Neft to purchase a 56.2% stake in Serbia’s fuel company NIS. Within this package…
Analyses |
| OSW team
On 22 August, Ukrainian drones struck the Unecha distribution station in Bryansk Oblast for the third time in a month, halting the flow of Russian oil via the Druzhba pipeline to Hungary and Slovakia. That same day, Budapest and Bratislava…
Analyses |
| Ilona Gizińska
In recent weeks, the Hungarian authorities have announced that foreign partners have lifted some of the restrictions related to the Paks II nuclear power plant project, which is being developed in cooperation with Russia. On 3 June,…
Point of View |
| Łukasz Maślanka
Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 provided an impulse for the development of EU security and defence policy initiatives. Member states provided significant military assistance to Kyiv, making innovative use of Common…
OSW Commentary |
| Łukasz Maślanka, Piotr Szymański
NATO and the EU, Europe’s two most important security institutions, are currently pursuing their second round of efforts within the past decade to enhance the crisis resilience of states and societies. The first followed Russia’s…
Analyses |
| Ilona Gizińska, Paulina Wankiewicz-Kłoczko
In July, the Russian oil company Lukoil ceased its oil supplies to Slovakia and Hungary due to sanctions imposed by Ukraine.
Analyses |
| OSWs Central European Department
Following Ukraine's decision on 24 June to extend sanctions on the Russian oil company Lukoil, including the transit of oil through Ukrainian territory, the company suspended deliveries via the southern branch of the Druzhba pipeline,…
Analyses |
| Ilona Gizińska, Krzysztof Nieczypor
On 2 July, Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán and President Volodymyr Zelensky met in Kyiv. This was his first visit to Ukraine in seven years, taking place a day after Budapest assumed the rotating presidency of the Council of the…
OSW Commentary |
| Jakub Graca, Justyna Gotkowska
NATO is in the process of adjusting its nuclear deterrence in response to the modernisation of Russia’s nuclear capabilities, the deployment of Russian tactical nuclear weapons near NATO’s borders, and the Kremlin’s increasingly aggressive…