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OSW Commentary | | Jan Nowinowski

A nationalist voice of protest the resurgence of radical parties in Bulgaria

The political crisis that has persisted in Bulgaria since 2021 initially weakened traditional nationalist forces, which lost their parliamentary representation. However, the transitional period was seized upon by new radical parties,…
OSW Commentary | | Piotr Szymański

NATO summit in The Hague Trumps return and a two-component 5 of GDP on defence

The NATO summit in The Hague (24–25 June) – the first chaired by new Secretary General Mark Rutte – was minimalist in both form and content. It concluded with a record-low five-point declaration. This approach to a meeting of NATO heads of…
OSW Commentary | | Kamil Całus, Adam Michalski, Jan Nowinowski, Jacek Tarociński

Romania Bulgaria and Turkey in the Black Sea region increased cooperation

The Russian Federation’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine has heightened security risks for NATO allies in the Black Sea region, namely Romania, Bulgaria and Turkey. These countries differ in how they perceive the challenges and threats, as…
OSW Commentary | | Łukasz Maślanka, Piotr Szymański

The resilience of the European Union and NATO in an era of multiple crises

NATO and the EU, Europe’s two most important security institutions, are currently pursuing their second round of efforts within the past decade to enhance the crisis resilience of states and societies. The first followed Russia’s…