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OSW Commentary | | Agata Łoskot-Strachota, Maciej Kalwasiński

The EU in the face of Chinas growing role in global and European climate policy

At the COP30 climate summit in the Brazilian city of Belém, the European Union hopes to reaffirm the importance of efforts to reduce emissions, the effectiveness of the multilateral climate regime, and its own leadership within it. At the…
OSW Commentary | | Piotr Szymański, Agata Łoskot-Strachota, Jacek Tarociński

Fuelling defence expanding NATOs pipeline system to the eastern flank

NATO is entering a decisive phase in its efforts to strengthen its deterrence and defence. Faced with the war in Ukraine and the long-term threat posed by Russia, the allies agreed at their recent summit in The Hague to increase defence…
OSW Commentary | | Agata Łoskot-Strachota

The EUs gas market in 2025 Russian gas new US policy and strategic uncertainties

The EU gas market faces a turbulent year in 2025. With the cessation of Russian gas transit through Ukraine from 1 January and a significant depletion of storage reserves during the winter season, concerns over rising prices in the next…