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Analyses |
| Piotr Szymański
Between 22 and 28 September, unidentified unmanned aerial vehicles were detected over the western part of the Baltic Sea region. Sightings were reported in Denmark, Norway and Germany’s northern federal states, with additional reports from…
Analyses |
| Krzysztof Strachota
On 28 September, full-scale UN sanctions against Iran came into effect in response to its serious violations of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) concerning the nuclear programme. All the UN restrictions that had been…
Analyses |
| Adam Michalski, Karol Wasilewski
On 25 September, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, met with his American counterpart Donald Trump at the White House. During the visit, a memorandum on strategic co-operation in the field of civil nuclear energy was signed – most…
Analyses |
| Kamil Całus
On 28 September, a parliamentary election was held in Moldova, in which the ruling pro-European Party of Action and Solidarity (PAS), linked to President Maia Sandu, won with over 50% of the vote. The pro-Russian Patriotic Electoral Bloc (…
Analyses |
| Joanna Hyndle-Hussein
On 25 September, the Lithuanian parliament (Seimas) swore in the government led by Social Democrat Inga Ruginienė and approved its agenda. The new cabinet is supported by a coalition of three parliamentary groups: the Social Democratic…
OSW Commentary |
| Miłosz Bartosiewicz
The Putin regime has spent over two decades gradually stripping local governments of their autonomy as part of a consistent process of state centralisation. The effective dismantling of the local government system is now nearing completion…
Analyses |
| Andrzej Wilk, Piotr Żochowski
Analyses |
| Piotr Szymański, Bartosz Chmielewski, Marek Menkiszak
On 19 September, three Russian MiG-31 fighter jets violated Estonian airspace above its territorial waters in the Gulf of Finland, remaining there for 12 minutes at a depth up to 10 kilometres. The aircraft were detected, intercepted, and…
Analyses |
| Aleksandra Kozaczyńska
After nine months of operating under a provisional financial plan, on 18 September the Bundestag adopted the federal budget for 2025. The delay was a consequence of the collapse of the SPD–Greens–FDP government in autumn 2024, triggered by…