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OSW Commentary |
| Maria Domańska
Between 18 and 20 September, Russia held parliamentary elections to determine the make-up of the new 450-member State Duma, the lower house of parliament. The vote coincided with an annual series of regional and local elections. For the…
Analyses |
| Michał Kucharski
Former Kosovo President Hashim Thaçi, one of the leaders of the guerrilla Kosovo Liberation Army (UÇK) and its political wing, the Democratic Party of Kosovo (PDK), has been sentenced to 25 years in prison. The Kosovo Specialist Chambers (…
Analyses |
| Piotr Szymański, Andrzej Kohut
On 22 September, after eight months of negotiations, the governments of the United States, the Kingdom of Denmark and Greenland concluded an arrangement supplementing the 1951 Agreement on the Defence of Greenland between Denmark and the…
Analyses |
| Wojciech Górecki, Karol Wasilewski
On 23 September, Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev pardoned French national Martin Ryan, who had been sentenced in March this year to 10 years in prison on espionage charges that included activities related to Azerbaijan’s arms production…
Analyses |
| Bartosz Chmielewski
The United List (Latvian: Apvienotais saraksts, AS), led by incumbent Prime Minister Andris Kulbergs, is likely to win the 3 October election to the Saeima, Latvia’s 100-seat unicameral parliament.
Analyses |
| Michał Bogusz, Daria Zielińska
On 16 September, Seoul hosted the first summit between the leaders of South Korea and the five Central Asian states – Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan (the C5). The summit concluded with the adoption of a 30-…
Analyses |
| Andrzej Wilk, Krzysztof Nieczypor, Jacek Tarociński
Analyses |
| Kamil Frymark
On 20 September, the AfD won the election to the state parliament of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania (MVP), securing 38.2% of the vote (+21.5 percentage points compared with the 2021 result) and 32 seats in the 71-seat parliament. It…
OSW Commentary |
| Łukasz Maślanka
France’s defence industry received a major boost following the start of Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine. In 2025, the French armed forces and foreign customers placed orders worth around €58 billion, almost three times the value of…
Analyses |
| Marek Menkiszak
Russia is preparing to escalate its aggression against Ukraine and launch a new phase of its so-called hybrid war against Europe. The Kremlin is pursuing this course because it remains unable to achieve its objectives and faces mounting…