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OSW Commentary |
| Filip Rudnik
The fall in Russia’s oil and gas revenues observed since mid-2025, driven by falling global oil prices and a strong rouble, has deepened further owing to steep discounts applied to Russian crude in the final months of last year. These…
Analyses |
| Michał Kędzierski
On 5 March, the United States decided to indefinitely exempt the two companies registered in Germany, Rosneft Deutschland (RND) and RN Refining & Marketing (RNRM), from US sanctions imposed on Russian oil companies last October (see ‘…
Analyses |
| Krzysztof Nieczypor
Analyses |
| Kacper Sienicki
Ukraine’s response to the US-Israeli attack on Iran and Iran’s retaliatory moves against countries in the region, was to express clear support for the United States, citing the hostile actions of the Iranian regime towards Ukraine during…
Analyses |
| Agata Łoskot-Strachota
The war between the United States and Israel and Iran, now entering its second week, is increasingly affecting neighbouring the Gulf states that export oil. The blockade of the Strait of Hormuz, which has been in place for several days, is…
Analyses |
| Krzysztof Nieczypor, Jacek Tarociński, Piotr Żochowski
Analyses |
| OSW team
On 28 February, the armed forces of the United States and Israel launched a large-scale campaign of air strikes against Iran, codenamed Operation Epic Fury by the Pentagon and Lion’s Roar by the Israel Defense Forces. Its stated objective…
Analyses |
| Justyna Gotkowska
Since the beginning of January this year, a debate on nuclear deterrence has been under way in Sweden.
OSW Commentary |
| Marcin Jędrysiak
At the outset of the fifth year of the war, Ukrainian society continues to demonstrate resilience and a willingness to resist the aggressor. Russia’s initiative on the front line and the massive aerial attacks on cities and infrastructure…
Analyses |
| Kamil Kłysiński
On 26 February, Moscow hosted a further meeting of the Supreme State Council of the Union State, a format for regular meetings between the leaders of Russia and Belarus, together with their respective government delegations. On this…