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Analyses |
| Kamil Całus
On 20 October, the Romanian parliament approved the government led by Luca Niculescu, a non-partisan diplomat, in a vote of confidence (see Appendix). The cabinet secured 280 votes in favour and 58 against, exceeding the required threshold…
Analyses |
| Michał Kędzierski
On 15 October, the Bundestag passed an amendment to the Fuel Emissions Trading Act (Brennstoffemissionshandelsgesetz, BEHG), maintaining the current CO2 price range of €55–65 per tonne in 2027 under Germany’s national carbon pricing system…
Analyses |
| Michał Kucharski
Since mid-October, violence has escalated during the ongoing anti-government protests in Albania, which began in May. Until recently, the demonstrations, driven primarily by demands for the resignation of Prime Minister Edi Rama, had…
Analyses |
| Witold Rodkiewicz
On 21 October, Vladimir Putin held three hours of talks in St Petersburg with Steve Witkoff, President Donald Trump’s special envoy. The meeting was also attended by Putin’s foreign policy adviser Yuri Ushakov and the Russian laeader’s…
Analyses |
| Maria Domańska, Iwona Wiśniewska
On 21 October, the State Duma (the lower house of parliament) approved changes to the Russian government proposed by the prime minister but drawn up in the Kremlin. The reshuffle is the largest since May 2024 and primarily affects deputy…
OSW Commentary |
| Jan Nowinowski
On 25 October, Serbia will hold its third snap parliamentary election in the last six years. The election was called following months of student demonstrations, which erupted after the collapse of a railway station canopy in Novi Sad in…
Analyses |
| Kamil Frymark
On 16 October, the Bundestag held the first reading of the government’s draft law on the Foundation for Displacement, Expulsion, Reconciliation (Stiftung Flucht, Vertreibung, Versöhnung, SFVV). Established in 2008, the foundation is tasked…
Analyses |
| Krzysztof Dębiec
A week-long series of elections to the Czech Senate (the upper house) and local councils concluded on 17 October. One-third of the Senate is elected every two years for a term of six years. Of the 27 seats contested, the liberal Mayors and…
Analyses |
| Krzysztof Nieczypor, Mateusz Goliszewski, Jacek Tarociński
Analyses |
| Iwona Wiśniewska
Between 7 and 11 October, Ukrainian drones struck three data centres belonging to the Russian technology company Yandex. On 14 October, another data centre in Balakovo (Saratov Oblast), owned by Sberbank – Russia’s largest commercial bank…