The starting point of Putin’s doctrine lies in a certain view of the world, which presupposes the existence of a natural civilisational community, with Russia at the centre.

Since the collapse of the USSR, Russian influence in Central Asia has undergone a far-reaching erosion. The process is unlikely to be reversed.

The German arms industry is facing serious challenges as are its counterparts across Europe.

Despite the complicated relations between Chisinau and Gagauzia, it seems that there is little danger that the region may become dangerously unstable.

The split into historical ‘sub-Ukraines’ has become less pronounced, especially for the younger generation.

Germany at this stage seems to have no idea of what the long-term strategy of co-operation with Putin's Russia should be.