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OSW Report | | Iwona Wiśniewska

A game of cat and mouse. How Russia is circumventing sanctions

The restrictions are having an impact, as seen in Russia’s civilian-orientated industries. However, the West – particularly the European Union, which was Moscow’s largest trading partner before the invasion – has not demonstrated…
OSW Report | | Agata Łoskot-Strachota

Energy policy in times of war and transition. Priorities of the Central and Eastern European countries and Germany

Since the outbreak of Russia’s full-scale war against Ukraine, the effective implementation of three key energy policy objectives has gained importance: ensuring energy security alongside the EU’s ambitious climate agenda, maintaining…
Point of View | | Łukasz Maślanka

The patchwork defence union. Shifts in the EU’s security policy following the Russian invasion of Ukraine

Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 provided an impulse for the development of EU security and defence policy initiatives. Member states provided significant military assistance to Kyiv, making innovative use of Common…
OSW Report |

The Russian Challenge. A Polish-German expert paper for a new Russia policy

Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine is in a critical phase: The Russian military is making territorial gains while Western support for Ukraine is stagnant. Add to this the massive uncertainty about the future US policy. In this…
OSW Studies | | Kamil Frymark

The Free State of Saxony. The state of permanent transformation

Saxony is a unique federal state, boasting the strongest economy and the largest population among the states of the former GDR. Its distinctiveness lies primarily in its centuries-old tradition of statehood and independence, often shaped…
OSW Studies | | Maciej Kalwasiński

From boom to bubble. The real estate crisis in China

The real estate boom has been the cornerstone of the ‘economic miracle’ that in recent decades has elevated China to the world’s second-largest economy and turned its metropolises into symbols of China’s development, global power and…
OSW Report | | Kamil Kłysiński

The collective economy is ineffective. The state of the belarusian agricultural sector

When compared to other sectors of the Belarusian economy, agriculture is most affected by the country’s Soviet heritage. Since Belarus regained independence, large state-owned farms operating on the basis of the former sovkhozes and…
OSW Report | | Iwona Wiśniewska

Pivot to the east. Russia’s transport policy

As a result of Russia’s aggression against Ukraine, which has been ongoing since 2014, and the ensuing Western sanctions, Russia has reoriented its foreign trade towards the East. This is a permanent shift which stems from Russia’s…
OSW Report | | Jakub Ber, Tadeusz Iwański, Marcin Jędrysiak, Sławomir Matuszak, Krzysztof Nieczypor, Piotr Żochowski

Defence and determination. Ukraine during the third year of the Russian invasion

The full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine has continued for over 30 months, without a clear outcome in si
OSW Report | | Marek Menkiszak

Winning the war with Russia is still possible. The West’s counter-strategy towards Moscow

Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine aims to subjugate or destroy Ukraine, overturn the current political and security order in Europe, and fundamentally revise the global order. The conflict is systemic in nature and will continue as…