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OSW Commentary |
| Bartłomiej Pierzchała
https://www.osw.waw.pl/sanctions/
High-level analysis of the European Union’s response to the embargo on dual-use item exports to Russia.
Dual-Use Sanctions to Russia
OSW Commentary |
| Iwona Wiśniewska, Filip Rudnik
Since the beginning of 2025, Russian oil exporters have faced difficulties that are negatively impacting the state’s oil and gas revenues. Sanctions, combined with a strong rouble and falling global oil prices, are increasingly…
OSW Commentary |
| Filip Rudnik
The EU embargo on Russian coal and the resulting need to redirect its supplies to other markets have significantly exacerbated the problems faced by Russia’s coal sector, which is finding it increasingly challenging to generate the…
OSW Commentary |
| Joanna Hyndle-Hussein
On 9 February, Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia synchronised their electricity networks with those of continental Europe (CESA), using the overland interconnector LitPol Link between Ełk in Poland and Alytus in Lithuania. The three countries…
OSW Report |
| Iwona Wiśniewska
The restrictions are having an impact, as seen in Russia’s civilian-orientated industries. However, the West – particularly the European Union, which was Moscow’s largest trading partner before the invasion – has not demonstrated…
OSW Commentary |
| Krzysztof Strachota, Karol Wasilewski, Marek Matusiak
When Bashar al-Assad’s regime was toppled in December 2024, Syria entered a process of forming a new political and constitutional order. The victorious faction, Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS), which formally disbanded on 29 January, and its…
OSW Commentary |
| Agata Łoskot-Strachota
The EU gas market faces a turbulent year in 2025. With the cessation of Russian gas transit through Ukraine from 1 January and a significant depletion of storage reserves during the winter season, concerns over rising prices in the next…
OSW Commentary |
| Andrzej Wilk, Piotr Żochowski
In early 2025, Ukraine was shaken by a scandal triggered by reports of mass desertions from the French-trained Anne of Kyiv 155th Mechanised Brigade.
OSW Commentary |
| Miłosz Bartosiewicz
The full-scale invasion of Ukraine has complicated the situation for the leadership of Russia’s regions. On the one hand, it has reinforced existing trends, including the Kremlin’s conservative personnel policy, which is characterised by…
OSW Commentary |
| Łukasz Maślanka, Piotr Szymański
NATO and the EU, Europe’s two most important security institutions, are currently pursuing their second round of efforts within the past decade to enhance the crisis resilience of states and societies. The first followed Russia’s…