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OSW Studies |
| Iwona Wiśniewska
In 2009, Vladimir Putin, the then Russian prime minister, gave impetus to the establishment of closer relations within what was then a still narrow group of three countries: Russia, Kazakhstan and Belarus. Close co-operation is expected to…
Point of View |
| Rafał Sadowski
Partnership in times of crisis Challenges for the Eastern European countries integration with Europe
Over the four years since its launch, the Eastern Partnership initiative has created frameworks and mechanisms for the integration of EaP countries with the EU. Despite this, the partner countries have so far made little meaningful…
OSW Commentary |
| Arkadiusz Sarna
In recent months Kyiv has been intensifying its efforts to diversify Ukraine’s gas supply routes with a view to reducing the country’s dependence on imports from Russia. One of the steps which Kyiv has taken has been to make the…
OSW Studies |
| Tadeusz A Olszański
Full version available only in Polish.
OSW Commentary |
| Andrzej Wilk
The heightened activity of the Russian Armed Forces has demonstrated that they have a relatively large number of units in different service branches which have already achieved the level of combat readiness defined at the onset of the…
OSW Report |
The similarity of issues and geographical proximity have led the Visegrad 4 countries (V4) to undertake closer collaboration in natural gas policy, notably by agreeing on a common security of supply strategy, including regional emergency…
OSW Commentary |
| Kamil Całus
The economy of breakaway Transnistria is a peculiar combination of the command-and-distribution model inherited from the USSR with elements of a free-market economy which is heavily dependent on Russian energy and financial subsidies. The…
Point of View |
| Agata Wierzbowska-Miazga
Despite the conflicts and frictions in their bilateral relations, Russia has for years regularly invested in Belarus. Moscow’s support has become an important factor allowing the Belarusian economic model to continue, which in turn helps…
OSW Commentary |
| Mychajło Honczar
Ukraine has had to wait nearly four decades for this opportunity to regain its status of a major gas producer. Gas from unconventional sources may lead not only to Ukraine becoming self-sufficient in terms of energy supplies, but may also…
OSW Commentary |
| Justyna Gotkowska
From German point of view, air and missile defence systems are of little relevance for the protection of Germany’s territory. However, they are seen as important for conducting ‘out of area’ operations, providing military assistance to…