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OSW Commentary |
| Kamil Całus, Krzysztof Nieczypor
On 30 October, the European Commission published its annual enlargement reports containing a detailed assessment of the state of play and the progress made by the countries seeking to join the European Union, including Ukraine and Moldova…
OSW Commentary |
| Zuzanna Krzyżanowska
The Kurdish question – a term used to define the conflicting aspirations of the Turkish government and a segment of the country’s population – affects all aspects of the state’s operation. It remains inextricably linked to the country’s…
OSW Commentary |
| Iwona Wiśniewska
On 21 November, the State Duma approved, at the third reading, the draft federal budget for 2025 and the general parameters of the 2026–27 budgets. Expenditure will increase for another consecutive year, primarily due to spending on…
OSW Commentary |
| Sławomir Matuszak, Piotr Żochowski
The increasing number of men who have been granted deferment from military service in recent months and the problems in the implementation of mobilisation plans have urged the Ukrainian authorities to carry out an audit of companies deemed…
OSW Commentary |
| Kamil Kłysiński
The extraction of potash salts and their processing into fertilisers have long been hallmarks of Belarusian industrial success. The state-owned company Belaruskali accounted for up to 20% of the global market, relying entirely on domestic…
OSW Commentary |
| Robert Pszczel
For many years, a variety of concepts linked with the so-called European security and defence identity had appeared, vanished and re-emerged in the public space. Numerous terms and ideas related to this concept have been enjoying life of…
OSW Commentary |
| Kamil Frymark
Pro-Russian, anti-EU, and anti-American parties – the far right Alternative for Germany (AfD) and the far left Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance (BSW) – have been gaining ground in Germany. In the September elections to the Landtags in Saxony and…
OSW Commentary |
| Michał Bogusz
Despite its formal defence alliance with the United States, the Philippines has been grappling with China’s increasing pressure in the South China Sea. The growing number of maritime incidents risks escalating local tensions into a full-…
OSW Commentary |
| Andrzej Kohut
The prospect of Donald Trump’s potential victory in the US presidential election raises questions regarding the consequences of his possible presidency for European security. During the election campaign, he repeatedly announced his…
OSW Commentary |
| Wojciech Górecki
The 12 years of Georgian Dream (GD) rule have been marked by a series of successes in terms of political effectiveness and tangible achievements. The party has won parliamentary and local elections three times, and candidates backed by…