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Analyses |
| Wojciech Górecki, Zuzanna Krzyżanowska
In mid-October, a serious diplomatic rift emerged between Azerbaijan and Turkey. The immediate trigger was the introduction of new school dress regulations by the authorities in Baku, which effectively prohibited clothing associated with…
Analyses |
| Jan Nowinowski
The anti-corruption Student List (SL) won the snap parliamentary elections held on 25 October. With votes counted from 96.9% of polling stations, it secured 52.7% of the vote, which will translate into around 140 seats in the 250-member…
Analyses |
| Andrzej Kohut, Kacper Sienicki
In recent days, US President Donald Trump has made a series of gestures and concessions towards Russia. He has decided to suspend sanctions, allowing Russian diesel exports to the US and other countries, and has refrained from imposing new…
Analyses |
| Kamil Całus
On 20 October, the Romanian parliament approved the government led by Luca Niculescu, a non-partisan diplomat, in a vote of confidence (see Appendix). The cabinet secured 280 votes in favour and 58 against, exceeding the required threshold…
Analyses |
| Michał Kędzierski
On 15 October, the Bundestag passed an amendment to the Fuel Emissions Trading Act (Brennstoffemissionshandelsgesetz, BEHG), maintaining the current CO2 price range of €55–65 per tonne in 2027 under Germany’s national carbon pricing system…
Analyses |
| Michał Kucharski
Since mid-October, violence has escalated during the ongoing anti-government protests in Albania, which began in May. Until recently, the demonstrations, driven primarily by demands for the resignation of Prime Minister Edi Rama, had…
Analyses |
| Witold Rodkiewicz
On 21 October, Vladimir Putin held three hours of talks in St Petersburg with Steve Witkoff, President Donald Trump’s special envoy. The meeting was also attended by Putin’s foreign policy adviser Yuri Ushakov and the Russian laeader’s…
Analyses |
| Maria Domańska, Iwona Wiśniewska
On 21 October, the State Duma (the lower house of parliament) approved changes to the Russian government proposed by the prime minister but drawn up in the Kremlin. The reshuffle is the largest since May 2024 and primarily affects deputy…
Analyses |
| Krzysztof Dębiec
A week-long series of elections to the Czech Senate (the upper house) and local councils concluded on 17 October. One-third of the Senate is elected every two years for a term of six years. Of the 27 seats contested, the liberal Mayors and…
Analyses |
| Kamil Frymark
On 16 October, the Bundestag held the first reading of the government’s draft law on the Foundation for Displacement, Expulsion, Reconciliation (Stiftung Flucht, Vertreibung, Versöhnung, SFVV). Established in 2008, the foundation is tasked…