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Analyses | | Łukasz Maślanka

Sovereign yet forward-oriented towards Europe the evolution of Frances nuclear deterrence doctrine

In a speech delivered on 2 March at the strategic submarine base on Île Longue in Brittany, President Emmanuel Macron announced the launch of a transformation of France’s nuclear doctrine towards “forward deterrence” (dissuasion avancée)…
Analyses | | Łukasz Maślanka

The E3 and the EU in response to the attack on Iran reluctantly aligned with the US

Europe’s largest countries have declined to join the initial phase of the US-Israeli strikes against Iran. However, they have condemned the Islamic Republic’s disproportionate and ‘indiscriminate’ retaliatory campaign targeting countries…
Analyses | | Ilona Gizińska, Agata Łoskot-Strachota

Hungary is starting to import gas from Turkey

In early April, Turkey started supplying natural gas to Hungary. This follows an agreement signed in August 2023 between the Hungarian state-owned energy company MVM and the Turkish BOTAŞ. The contract, which was formally signed during…