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OSW Commentary |
| Szymon Kardaś, Michał Kędzierski
Joint hydrogen energy projects are components of the comprehensive Russian-German energy cooperation which has been ongoing for more than five decades. Due to increasing demand for hydrogen resulting from Germany’s energy transition (…
Analyses |
| Ryszarda Formuszewicz
On 2nd September the German government officially confirmed that a banned chemical substance from the Novichok group had been used in the attempt to assassinate Russian opposition leader, Alexei Navalny. Chancellor Angela Merkel called on…
Analyses |
| Ryszarda Formuszewicz, Szymon Kardaś
On May 15, Germany’s Federal Network Agency (BNetzA) rejected the Nord Stream 2 company’s request to grant the Nord Stream 2 pipeline derogations from the EU’s gas directive. The agency did not share the economic and functional…
Analyses |
| Agata Łoskot-Strachota
The US Congress adopted the defence budget (National Defense Authorization Act, NDAA) for 2020 which envisages sanctions concerning the Nord Stream 2 (NS2) gas pipeline. On 9 December, the document was passed by the House of…
Analyses |
| Katarzyna Chawryło, Tadeusz Iwański
On 9 December, a meeting of the leaders of Ukraine, Russia, France and Germany was held in Paris under the so-called “Normandy Format” dedicated to resolving the conflict in eastern Ukraine. This was the first such meeting since 2016. The…
OSW Commentary |
| Agata Łoskot-Strachota, Szymon Kardaś
On 10 September, the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) annulled a decision issued by the European Commission on 28 October 2016 allowing the Russian Gazprom to send greater volumes of gas through the OPAL pipeline. The CJEU…
Analyses |
| Agata Łoskot-Strachota
On 20 February, the Committee of Permanent Representatives of the EU Council (COREPER) endorsed a compromise version of the amendments to the gas directive which had been agreed a week earlier during the tripartite ‘trilogue’ meeting with…
Analyses |
| Justyna Gotkowska
On 4 December, the NATO Foreign Affairs Ministers issued a statement confirming that Russia had violated the 1987 Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty on the elimination of ground-launch ballistic and cruise missiles with a range…
Analyses |
| Agata Łoskot-Strachota
On 5 September, the Nord Stream 2 company began laying the first pipes in the Gulf of Finland, thus marking the start of the gas pipeline’s construction.
Analyses |
| Witold Rodkiewicz, Anna Kwiatkowska
On 18 August, Chancellor Angela Merkel and President Vladimir Putin held a working meeting at the castle in Meseberg near Berlin.