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OSW Commentary | | Piotr Szymański

NATO summit in The Hague Trumps return and a two-component 5 of GDP on defence

The NATO summit in The Hague (24–25 June) – the first chaired by new Secretary General Mark Rutte – was minimalist in both form and content. It concluded with a record-low five-point declaration. This approach to a meeting of NATO heads of…
OSW Commentary | | Kamil Całus, Adam Michalski, Jan Nowinowski, Jacek Tarociński

Romania Bulgaria and Turkey in the Black Sea region increased cooperation

The Russian Federation’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine has heightened security risks for NATO allies in the Black Sea region, namely Romania, Bulgaria and Turkey. These countries differ in how they perceive the challenges and threats, as…
OSW Commentary | | Zuzanna Krzyżanowska

Discipline and punish how Turkey controls the internet

The Turkish authorities regard the internet – particularly social media platforms and messaging apps, which are increasingly used by citizens to exchange information rapidly – primarily as a threat: a domain of information warfare enabling…