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OSW Commentary |
| Marcin Jędrysiak
The almost two-year-long Russian assault has inflicted huge losses on Ukraine. According to the World Bank, the latter lost $135 billion in direct costs in the first twelve months of the war alone. The total economic, social and monetary…
Analyses |
| Filip Rudnik
According to estimates published by the Argus agency, in 2023 Gazprom sold 69.3 bcm of natural gas to the so-called ‘far abroad’ countries (Europe excluding the Baltic States, plus Turkey and China). This represents a decrease of nearly 33…