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Analyses |
| Filip Rudnik
On 30 September, the Russian government decided to extend restrictions on fuel exports. Until the end of 2025, Russian entities will be completely forbidden from exporting petrol and there will be a partial limitation on the sale of other…
Analyses |
| Krzysztof Strachota
On 28 September, full-scale UN sanctions against Iran came into effect in response to its serious violations of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) concerning the nuclear programme. All the UN restrictions that had been…
Analyses |
| Adam Michalski, Karol Wasilewski
On 25 September, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, met with his American counterpart Donald Trump at the White House. During the visit, a memorandum on strategic co-operation in the field of civil nuclear energy was signed – most…
Analyses |
| Kamil Całus
On 28 September, a parliamentary election was held in Moldova, in which the ruling pro-European Party of Action and Solidarity (PAS), linked to President Maia Sandu, won with over 50% of the vote. The pro-Russian Patriotic Electoral…
Analyses |
| Joanna Hyndle-Hussein
On 25 September, the Lithuanian parliament (Seimas) swore in the government led by Social Democrat Inga Ruginienė and approved its agenda. The new cabinet is supported by a coalition of three parliamentary groups: the Social Democratic…
OSW Commentary |
| Miłosz Bartosiewicz
The Putin regime has spent over two decades gradually stripping local governments of their autonomy as part of a consistent process of state centralisation. The effective dismantling of the local government system is now nearing completion…
Analyses |
| Andrzej Wilk, Piotr Żochowski
Analyses |
| Aleksandra Kozaczyńska
After nine months of operating under a provisional financial plan, on 18 September the Bundestag adopted the federal budget for 2025. The delay was a consequence of the collapse of the SPD–Greens–FDP government in autumn 2024, triggered by…
OSW Commentary |
| Krzysztof Dębiec
ANO, the party led by the oligarch and former Prime Minister Andrej Babiš, is the clear frontrunner in the upcoming elections to the Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic, scheduled for 3–4 October. Since ANO is likely to be an…