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Analyses |
| Andrzej Wilk, Piotr Żochowski
OSW Commentary |
| Iwona Wiśniewska, Filip Rudnik
Since the beginning of 2025, Russian oil exporters have faced difficulties that are negatively impacting the state’s oil and gas revenues. Sanctions, combined with a strong rouble and falling global oil prices, are increasingly…
OSW Commentary |
| Filip Rudnik
The EU embargo on Russian coal and the resulting need to redirect its supplies to other markets have significantly exacerbated the problems faced by Russia’s coal sector, which is finding it increasingly challenging to generate the…
Analyses |
| Krzysztof Nieczypor, Piotr Żochowski
Analyses |
| Krzysztof Dębiec
On 17 April, Prime Minister Petr Fiala announced that the Czech Republic had definitively ended its dependence on Russian oil supplies. For the first time in its history, the country was supplied exclusively with crude oil from non-Russian…
OSW Commentary |
| Joanna Hyndle-Hussein
On 9 February, Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia synchronised their electricity networks with those of continental Europe (CESA), using the overland interconnector LitPol Link between Ełk in Poland and Alytus in Lithuania. The three countries…
OSW Report |
| Iwona Wiśniewska
The restrictions are having an impact, as seen in Russia’s civilian-orientated industries. However, the West – particularly the European Union, which was Moscow’s largest trading partner before the invasion – has not demonstrated…
Analyses |
| Andrzej Wilk, Piotr Żochowski
OSW Commentary |
| Krzysztof Strachota, Karol Wasilewski, Marek Matusiak
When Bashar al-Assad’s regime was toppled in December 2024, Syria entered a process of forming a new political and constitutional order. The victorious faction, Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS), which formally disbanded on 29 January, and its…