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OSW Commentary |
| Agata Łoskot-Strachota, Maciej Kalwasiński
At the COP30 climate summit in the Brazilian city of Belém, the European Union hopes to reaffirm the importance of efforts to reduce emissions, the effectiveness of the multilateral climate regime, and its own leadership within it. At the…
Analyses |
| Maciej Kalwasiński
On 30 October, the first meeting in six years between Donald Trump and Xi Jinping took place. The two leaders reached an agreement to de-escalate the trade dispute, though both sides offered differing accounts of the outcome in the…
Analyses |
| Maciej Kalwasiński, Michał Bogusz
On 9 October, China’s Ministry of Commerce announced an expansion of oversight of foreign sales of dual-use civilian and military goods, including rare earth metals and the technologies used to produce them, advanced lithium-ion batteries…
Analyses |
| Maciej Kalwasiński
Despite falling oil and car shipments dragging down headline trade figures, China remains central to sustaining Russia’s economy and war effort in 2025.
OSW Commentary |
| Maciej Kalwasiński
In 2024, China’s economy continued to struggle with persistent challenges, including slower growth, weak consumption, and deflationary pressures. However, Chinese leaders view these difficulties as an acceptable and temporary cost of its…
Analyses |
| Maciej Kalwasiński
On 4 February, additional 10% tariffs, imposed by the US president on goods imported from China came into effect. In response, Beijing announced 15% tariffs on coal and LNG imported from the United States, along with a 10% rate on 72…