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OSW Commentary | | Kamil Całus, Adam Michalski, Jan Nowinowski, Jacek Tarociński

Romania Bulgaria and Turkey in the Black Sea region increased cooperation

The Russian Federation’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine has heightened security risks for NATO allies in the Black Sea region, namely Romania, Bulgaria and Turkey. These countries differ in how they perceive the challenges and threats, as…
Analyses | | Łukasz Kobeszko, Agata Łoskot-Strachota, Adam Michalski

Bulgaria steps up its gas cooperation with Turkey

On 3 January 2023, an agreement was signed in Sofia between state companies Bulgargaz and BOTAŞ, in the presence of the Bulgarian and Turkish energy ministers Rosen Hristov and Fatih Dönmez. The gas contract, whose term is 13 years,…