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Analyses |
| Adam Michalski, Krzysztof Strachota
On 7 August, in Mecca, Turkey, Pakistan and Saudi Arabia signed the Mecca Joint Defence Agreement, which aims to enhance collective deterrence and improve coordination and integration of the three countries’ defence capabilities. In a…
OSW Commentary |
| Krzysztof Strachota
The so-called Twelve-Day War between Israel and Iran in June 2025 marked the culmination of a decades-long international crisis surrounding Iran. The conflict significantly weakened the Iranian state but failed to resolve the core issue:…
OSW Commentary |
| Krzysztof Strachota, Karol Wasilewski, Marek Matusiak
When Bashar al-Assad’s regime was toppled in December 2024, Syria entered a process of forming a new political and constitutional order. The victorious faction, Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS), which formally disbanded on 29 January, and its…
Analyses |
| Krzysztof Strachota
The crisis over the Gaza Strip has sparked immense political and social unrest in Turkey. Since 7 October, the Turkish government has been hardening its stance, resorting to a wide range of measures: from calls for de-escalation, through…