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Analyses |
| Witold Rodkiewicz, Krzysztof Nieczypor
On 19 December, a Ukrainian delegation led by Rustem Umerov, Secretary of Ukraine’s National Security and Defence Council, and General Andrii Hnatov, Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces, began talks with Steve Witkoff, special…
Analyses |
| Andrzej Kohut, Jacek Tarociński
On 18 December, President Donald Trump signed into law the National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) for the 2026 fiscal year, after it received bipartisan support in Congress, passing the House of Representatives by 312 votes to 112 and…
Analyses |
| Łukasz Maślanka, Sławomir Matuszak, Iwona Wiśniewska
During its summit on 18–19 December, the European Council did not agree to grant Ukraine the so-called reparations loan based on frozen Russian assets. However, a decision was taken to provide Kyiv with an interest-free loan of €90 billion…
Analyses |
| Zuzanna Krzyżanowska
In 2025, the Turkish–Kurdish peace process witnessed several breakthrough developments, most notably the disarmament of the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK), the organisation’s self-dissolution, and – above all – the withdrawal of its…
Analyses |
| Krzysztof Dębiec
On 15 December, President Petr Pavel formally nominated the government of Andrej Babiš, formed following the elections to the Chamber of Deputies held on 3–4 October (see ‘Parliamentary elections in the Czech Republic: Babiš's triumph’).
Analyses |
| Sławomir Matuszak
The budget for next year, signed by President Volodymyr Zelensky on 10 December, provides for revenues of 2.9 trillion hryvnias (approximately $68.7 billion) and expenditures of 4.8 trillion hryvnias (approximately $113.8 billion). As in…
Analyses |
| Krzysztof Nieczypor, Piotr Żochowski, Jacek Tarociński
Analyses |
| Kamil Kłysiński, Andrzej Kohut
Following talks with Alyaksandr Lukashenka in Minsk on 12–13 December, the US President’s Special Envoy for Belarus, John Coale, announced the lifting of the embargo on Belarusian potash fertilisers, originally imposed in 2021. In return,…
Analyses |
| Lidia Gibadło, Anna Kwiatkowska
In the first week of December, Chancellor Friedrich Merz undertook a two-day visit to Jordan and Israel – his first since assuming office. In Jordan, he met King Abdullah II, to whom he expressed support for a two-state solution to the…
Analyses |
| Wojciech Konończuk, Krzysztof Nieczypor, Witold Rodkiewicz
During a press briefing on 11 December, President Volodymyr Zelensky provided an update on the current state of negotiations over the US-backed peace plan. It is currently based on a 20-point agreement designed to address the key issues:…