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OSW Report | | Iwona Wiśniewska

A game of cat and mouse. How Russia is circumventing sanctions

The restrictions are having an impact, as seen in Russia’s civilian-orientated industries. However, the West – particularly the European Union, which was Moscow’s largest trading partner before the invasion – has not demonstrated…
OSW Commentary | | Zespół Niemiec i Europy Północnej OSW

Agency on credit Germany releases the debt brake

The amendment to Germany’s Basic Law, enabling increased spending on defence and infrastructure investments, should be seen as a key element of the changes initiated in the country following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in 2022 – albeit a…