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OSW Report |
| Iwona Wiśniewska
The restrictions are having an impact, as seen in Russia’s civilian-orientated industries. However, the West – particularly the European Union, which was Moscow’s largest trading partner before the invasion – has not demonstrated…
OSW Commentary |
| Zespół Niemiec i Europy Północnej OSW
The amendment to Germany’s Basic Law, enabling increased spending on defence and infrastructure investments, should be seen as a key element of the changes initiated in the country following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in 2022 – albeit a…
OSW Commentary |
| Łukasz Maślanka, Piotr Szymański
NATO and the EU, Europe’s two most important security institutions, are currently pursuing their second round of efforts within the past decade to enhance the crisis resilience of states and societies. The first followed Russia’s…
OSW Commentary |
| Wojciech Konończuk
Despite advances by Russian forces, the third year of full-scale war has not seen a fundamental shift in the military situation. However, it has brought a significant political shift with Donald Trump assuming the US presidency on 20…
OSW Commentary |
| Marek Menkiszak
Moscow has reacted to the inauguration and the initial decisions of President Donald Trump with restraint. On the one hand, Russia has sent positive signals, including congratulations and declarations of readiness for dialogue. On the…
OSW Commentary |
| Michał Bogusz, Witold Rodkiewicz
China’s support for Russia in its conflict with Ukraine and the West equates to it investing in Putin’s Russia. Beijing cannot afford for Putin to fail, as this would threaten the stability of the anti-Western regime in Russia. The war in…
OSW Commentary |
| Michał Bogusz
The increasingly intensive cooperation between Russia and North Korea since September 2023 poses a significant threat to the US-led security system in East Asia. By fostering this partnership, Moscow is creating a new axis of international…
OSW Commentary |
| Kamil Kłysiński
The extraction of potash salts and their processing into fertilisers have long been hallmarks of Belarusian industrial success. The state-owned company Belaruskali accounted for up to 20% of the global market, relying entirely on domestic…
OSW Report |
| Marek Menkiszak
Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine aims to subjugate or destroy Ukraine, overturn the current political and security order in Europe, and fundamentally revise the global order. The conflict is systemic in nature and will continue as…
OSW Commentary |
| Jakub Graca, Justyna Gotkowska
NATO is in the process of adjusting its nuclear deterrence in response to the modernisation of Russia’s nuclear capabilities, the deployment of Russian tactical nuclear weapons near NATO’s borders, and the Kremlin’s increasingly aggressive…