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Analyses |
| Krzysztof Dębiec
On 15 December, President Petr Pavel formally nominated the government of Andrej Babiš, formed following the elections to the Chamber of Deputies held on 3–4 October (see ‘Parliamentary elections in the Czech Republic: Babiš's triumph’).
Analyses |
| Zuzanna Krzyżanowska
In 2025, the Turkish–Kurdish peace process witnessed several breakthrough developments, most notably the disarmament of the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK), the organisation’s self-dissolution, and – above all – the withdrawal of its…
Analyses |
| Sławomir Matuszak
The budget for next year, signed by President Volodymyr Zelensky on 10 December, provides for revenues of 2.9 trillion hryvnias (approximately $68.7 billion) and expenditures of 4.8 trillion hryvnias (approximately $113.8 billion). As in…
Analyses |
| Krzysztof Nieczypor, Piotr Żochowski, Jacek Tarociński
Analyses |
| Kamil Kłysiński, Andrzej Kohut
Following talks with Alyaksandr Lukashenka in Minsk on 12–13 December, the US President’s Special Envoy for Belarus, John Coale, announced the lifting of the embargo on Belarusian potash fertilisers, originally imposed in 2021. In return,…
Analyses |
| Lidia Gibadło, Anna Kwiatkowska
In the first week of December, Chancellor Friedrich Merz undertook a two-day visit to Jordan and Israel – his first since assuming office. In Jordan, he met King Abdullah II, to whom he expressed support for a two-state solution to the…
Analyses |
| Wojciech Konończuk, Krzysztof Nieczypor, Witold Rodkiewicz
During a press briefing on 11 December, President Volodymyr Zelensky provided an update on the current state of negotiations over the US-backed peace plan. It is currently based on a 20-point agreement designed to address the key issues:…
Analyses |
| Jan Nowinowski
On 11 December, the government led by Rosen Zhelyazkov submitted its resignation, which the parliament approved the following day. The decision came in the wake of what was likely the largest protest Bulgaria has seen in the 21st century,…
Analyses |
| Lidia Gibadło, Jacek Tarociński
On 5 December, the Bundestag passed a law reforming military service. From 2026, the new regulations will require male German citizens residing in Germany who have reached the age of 18 to complete a questionnaire, including questions…
Analyses |
| Jan Nowinowski
Appointed in June 2024, the right-wing government of Hristijan Mickoski is consolidating its power, as evidenced by his party’s victory in the local elections held in the autumn. Despite its declared commitment to EU integration, progress…