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Analyses |
| Andrzej Wilk, Krzysztof Nieczypor, Jacek Tarociński
Analyses |
| Kamil Frymark
On 20 September, the AfD won the election to the state parliament of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania (MVP), securing 38.2% of the vote (+21.5 percentage points compared with the 2021 result) and 32 seats in the 71-seat parliament. It…
OSW Commentary |
| Łukasz Maślanka
France’s defence industry received a major boost following the start of Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine. In 2025, the French armed forces and foreign customers placed orders worth around €58 billion, almost three times the value of…
Analyses |
| Marek Menkiszak
Russia is preparing to escalate its aggression against Ukraine and launch a new phase of its so-called hybrid war against Europe. The Kremlin is pursuing this course because it remains unable to achieve its objectives and faces mounting…
Analyses |
| Jacek Tarociński, Lidia Gibadło
On 16 September, during a visit to the Pentagon, German Defence Minister Boris Pistorius (SPD) and his US counterpart, Pete Hegseth, signed a declaration on closer cooperation between the two countries’ defence industries and the…
Analyses |
| Agata Łoskot-Strachota
On 10 September, following attacks by Iran-aligned forces and damage to infrastructure, Saudi Aramco shut down the East-West pipeline. On 15 September, reports emerged that a number of crude oil deliveries to European refineries scheduled…
Analyses |
| Iwona Wiśniewska, Filip Rudnik, Andrzej Kohut
On 16 September, the US House of Representatives passed a bill imposing sanctions on Russia, originally proposed by the late Senator Lindsey Graham. The vote completed the bill’s passage through Congress, and it now awaits the president’s…
Analyses |
| Andrzej Wilk, Sławomir Matuszak, Jacek Tarociński
OSW Commentary |
| Iwona Wiśniewska, Filip Rudnik
Since early June this year, Ukraine has stepped up drone attacks on Russian shipping in the Sea of Azov and the Black Sea, as well as on port infrastructure along the coast. This has severely curtailed the flow of Russian commodities…
OSW Commentary |
| Sandra Baniak-Stachowiak
For more than half a century, Rotterdam, Antwerp and Hamburg have remained Europe’s largest seaports. In recent years, however, their growth has slowed considerably, while cargo throughput has remained virtually unchanged. Although they…