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Analyses | | Filip Rudnik
On 9 October, the US Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) issued a licence authorising transactions involving the sale, delivery, offloading or import of diesel fuel from Russia, including into the United States.…
Analyses | | Michał Kucharski
The elections held in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) on 4 October covered all levels of government, from state-level institutions to those of the entities and cantons (see Appendix). Parties representing the interests of the country’s…
Analyses | | Maciej Kalwasiński, Aleksandra Kozaczyńska
On 5 October, German Chancellor Friedrich Merz and French President Emmanuel Macron urged the European Commission (EC) to take decisive action to address growing imbalances in international trade and practices that distort fair competition…
OSW Commentary | | Agata Łoskot-Strachota, Krzysztof Dębiec
Since the outbreak of war in the Persian Gulf, Europe has faced growing difficulties in its market for refined petroleum products. Although the Strait of Hormuz has been gradually reopening since the second half of September, allowing…
Analyses | | Aleksandra Kozaczyńska
On 1 October, CARIAD, the Volkswagen subsidiary responsible for developing vehicle software, announced plans to cut around 1,000 jobs from its current workforce of 4,300. The company also intends to reduce its planned investment for 2027–…
Analyses | | Ernest Wyciszkiewicz
Between 28 September and 4 October, Russia repeatedly signalled its readiness to use nuclear weapons against NATO and its member states. First, the Russian Embassy in Belgium publicly announced that it had conveyed its position to NATO’s…
Analyses | | Kamil Całus
In recent months, the number of violations of Romanian airspace and territorial waters by Russian drones, and occasionally also by Ukrainian ones, has increased markedly. Between 1 January and 27 September this year, Romania’s Ministry of…
Analyses | | Bartosz Chmielewski
On 3 October, Latvia held an election to its 100-seat parliament, the Saeima, in which the United List (Latvian: Apvienotais saraksts, AS), led by incumbent Prime Minister Andris Kulbergs, won a decisive victory, securing 41 seats. Latvia…
Analyses | | Krzysztof Nieczypor, Sławomir Matuszak, Jacek Tarociński
Analyses | | Lidia Gibadło
On 4 October, German Chancellor Friedrich Merz (CDU) paid his second visit to Kyiv, where he met Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky. He was accompanied by the Federal Minister for Economic Affairs and Energy Minister, Katherina Reiche…