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OSW Commentary |
| Marek Menkiszak
In recent weeks, discussions have intensified regarding the possible resumption of dialogue – including at the highest political level – between the European Union, its Member States, and the Russian Federation. This debate has unfolded in…
Analyses |
| Kacper Sienicki
On 18 February, Ukraine imposed sanctions on Alyaksandr Lukashenka owing to Belarus’s growing involvement in supporting Russia’s war effort and circumventing the sanctions regime.
Analyses |
| Andrzej Wilk, Piotr Żochowski
Analyses |
| Kamil Całus
On 11 February, Moldovan Deputy Prime Minister for Reintegration, Valeriu Chiveri, announced the creation of a so-called convergence fund, which will be financed from resources provided by international partners, particularly the EU and…
Analyses |
| Andrzej Wilk, Piotr Żochowski
Analyses |
| Daria Zielińska
Kazakhstan’s oil sector is facing a serious crisis due to reduced throughput of the Caspian Pipeline Consortium (CPC), caused by Ukrainian drone attacks in November 2025 and January of this year. The CPC pipeline transports about 1% of…
OSW Commentary |
| Agata Łoskot-Strachota
Since 2022, the EU has undergone a rapid transformation of its natural gas and crude oil import mix. Faced with Russia’s full-scale war against Ukraine, now in its fourth year, and the Russian-European economic war, the EU has almost…
Analyses |
| Krzysztof Nieczypor, Piotr Żochowski, Jacek Tarociński
Analyses |
| Jan Nowinowski
On 19 January, the Hungarian oil and gas company MOL announced that it had signed a binding heads of agreement with the Russian petrochemical company Gazprom Neft to purchase a 56.2% stake in Serbia’s fuel company NIS. Within this package…