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OSW Report |
| OSW team
Contents
Analyses |
| Krzysztof Nieczypor, Mateusz Goliszewski, Jacek Tarociński
OSW Commentary |
| Wojciech Górecki, Zuzanna Krzyżanowska
Contemporary Kazakhstan is gradually becoming a Kazakh nation-state, a process that is reshaping its national identity policy. Although the country remains multi-ethnic, the proportion of ethnic Kazakhs continues to rise, as do proficiency…
Analyses |
| Filip Rudnik
On 9 October, the US Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) issued a licence authorising transactions involving the sale, delivery, offloading or import of diesel fuel from Russia, including into the United States.…
OSW Commentary |
| Konrad Popławski
Negotiations on the EU’s Multiannual Financial Framework (MFF) for 2028–34 present a classic case of trying to square the circle. The EU faces a rapidly growing array of challenges, from reindustrialisation and investment in security to…
Analyses |
| Michał Kucharski
The elections held in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) on 4 October covered all levels of government, from state-level institutions to those of the entities and cantons (see Appendix). Parties representing the interests of the country’s…
Analyses |
| Maciej Kalwasiński, Aleksandra Kozaczyńska
On 5 October, German Chancellor Friedrich Merz and French President Emmanuel Macron urged the European Commission (EC) to take decisive action to address growing imbalances in international trade and practices that distort fair competition…
OSW Commentary |
| Agata Łoskot-Strachota, Krzysztof Dębiec
Since the outbreak of war in the Persian Gulf, Europe has faced growing difficulties in its market for refined petroleum products. Although the Strait of Hormuz has been gradually reopening since the second half of September, allowing…
Analyses |
| Aleksandra Kozaczyńska
On 1 October, CARIAD, the Volkswagen subsidiary responsible for developing vehicle software, announced plans to cut around 1,000 jobs from its current workforce of 4,300. The company also intends to reduce its planned investment for 2027–…
Analyses |
| Ernest Wyciszkiewicz
Between 28 September and 4 October, Russia repeatedly signalled its readiness to use nuclear weapons against NATO and its member states. First, the Russian Embassy in Belgium publicly announced that it had conveyed its position to NATO’s…