{"id":1040,"date":"2025-04-29T09:59:00","date_gmt":"2025-04-29T07:59:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/?page_id=1040"},"modified":"2026-05-05T14:05:09","modified_gmt":"2026-05-05T12:05:09","slug":"china-russia-dashboard","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/?page_id=1040","title":{"rendered":"China-Russia Dashboard"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"1040\" class=\"elementor elementor-1040\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fcfdf94 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"fcfdf94\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ad976b5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"ad976b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3cede52 elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3cede52\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">China-Russia Dashboard: <\/br> a special relationship in facts and figures<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fa40283 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"fa40283\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3120b15 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3120b15\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>China and Russia are closer today than in decades. To help understand this relationship at a time of historic geopolitical tension, this dashboard tracks and analyzes the economic, political, security, and social dimensions of their interaction and how it changes over time. It is a collaborative research effort of the\u00a0<strong>Centre for Eastern Studies (OSW)<\/strong>, the\u00a0<strong>Mercator Institute for China Studies (MERICS)<\/strong>, and the\u00a0<strong>Swedish National China Centre (NKK)<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0<strong>Stockholm Centre for Eastern\u00a0European Studies (SCEEUS)<\/strong>\u00a0at the\u00a0<strong>Swedish Institute of International Affairs (UI)<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f5c2185 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"f5c2185\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96dad2d elementor-fixed elementor-view-default elementor-widget 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sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9419ef9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"9419ef9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d976604 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"d976604\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c10c023 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c10c023\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-983bc72 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"983bc72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jump to section<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-45c7a29 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"45c7a29\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-21be452 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"21be452\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b11f66d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b11f66d\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a155a3a elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon\" data-id=\"a155a3a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-icon\" href=\"#ET\">\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" id=\"Warstwa_1\" viewBox=\"0 0 48 48\"><defs><style>      .st0 {        fill: #333;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g><path class=\"st0\" d=\"M28.3,37.3v-4.4h-3v-3h3v-3h-3v-3h3v-13.3h9.6c2.3,0,4.2.8,5.8,2.4s2.4,3.5,2.4,5.8-.8,4.2-2.4,5.8-3.5,2.4-5.8,2.4h-6.7v3h5.9v3h-5.9v4.4h-3ZM31.2,24h6.7c1.4,0,2.7-.5,3.7-1.5,1-1,1.5-2.2,1.5-3.7s-.5-2.7-1.5-3.7c-1-1-2.2-1.5-3.7-1.5h-6.7v10.4Z\"><\/path><path class=\"st0\" d=\"M10.9,37.3v-5.9H3.4v-3h7.4v-3H3.4v-3h6L2,10.7h3.5l6.8,10.8,6.8-10.8h3.5l-7.5,11.8h6v3h-7.4v3h7.4v3h-7.4v5.9h-3Z\"><\/path><\/g><g id=\"LbpNEd\"><image id=\"LbpNEd1\" data-name=\"LbpNEd\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" transform=\"translate(-985.9 -671.9)\"><\/image><\/g><g><path class=\"st0\" d=\"M24,46.2c-3.2,0-6.3-.8-9.2-2.5l1.5-2.6c2.4,1.4,5,2.1,7.7,2.1,4,0,7.8-1.5,10.9-4.5l2,2.2c-3.7,3.4-8.3,5.3-13,5.3Z\"><\/path><polygon class=\"st0\" points=\"14.5 45.3 12.1 39.8 18 40.4 14.5 45.3\"><\/polygon><\/g><g><path class=\"st0\" d=\"M13.1,10l-2-2.2c3.7-3.4,8.3-5.3,13-5.3s6.3.8,9.2,2.5l-1.5,2.6c-2.4-1.4-5-2.1-7.7-2.1-4,0-7.8,1.5-10.9,4.5Z\"><\/path><polygon class=\"st0\" points=\"33.5 3.5 35.9 8.9 30 8.4 33.5 3.5\"><\/polygon><\/g><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2eaefa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2eaefa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Economics<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45914e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e45914e\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec4f7da elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon\" data-id=\"ec4f7da\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-icon\" href=\"#M\">\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" height=\"48px\" viewBox=\"0 -960 960 960\" width=\"48px\" fill=\"#333333\"><path d=\"M480-80q-140-35-230-162.5T160-522v-238l320-120 320 120v238q0 152-90 279.5T480-80Zm0-62q106-35 175.5-128.5T737-480H480v-335l-260 97v196q0 12 .5 20.5T223-480h257v338Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4185bf5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4185bf5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\"><strong>Security<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff047f5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ff047f5\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bfa48f6 elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon\" data-id=\"bfa48f6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-icon\" href=\"#S\">\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" height=\"48px\" viewBox=\"0 -960 960 960\" width=\"48px\" fill=\"#333333\"><path d=\"M490-790q0 29-20.5 49.5T420-720q-13 0-24.5-4.5T374-737q-27 16-45 41t-19 56h530l-40 280H626v-60h125q6-40 11.5-80t11.5-80H186q6 40 11.5 80t11.5 80h125v60H160l-40-280h130q1-49 28.5-89t71.5-63q1-29 21-48.5t49-19.5q29 0 49.5 20.5T490-790ZM374-180h212l28-280H346l28 280Zm-54 60-33-334q-2-26 16-46t44-20h266q26 0 44 20t16 46l-33 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xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" height=\"48px\" viewBox=\"0 -960 960 960\" width=\"48px\" fill=\"#333333\"><path d=\"M40-160v-160q0-29 20.5-49.5T110-390h141q17 0 32.5 8.5T310-358q29 42 74 65t96 23q51 0 96-23t75-65q11-15 26-23.5t32-8.5h141q29 0 49.5 20.5T920-320v160H660v-119q-36 33-82.5 51T480-210q-51 0-97-18t-83-51v119H40Zm440-170q-35 0-67.5-16.5T360-392q-16-23-38.5-37T273-448q29-30 91-46t116-16q54 0 116.5 16t91.5 46q-26 5-48.5 19T601-392q-20 29-52.5 45.5T480-330ZM160-460q-45 0-77.5-32.5T50-570q0-46 32.5-78t77.5-32q46 0 78 32t32 78q0 45-32 77.5T160-460Zm640 0q-45 0-77.5-32.5T690-570q0-46 32.5-78t77.5-32q46 0 78 32t32 78q0 45-32 77.5T800-460ZM480-580q-45 0-77.5-32.5T370-690q0-46 32.5-78t77.5-32q46 0 78 32t32 78q0 45-32 77.5T480-580Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5398c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d5398c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Society<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-63db412 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"63db412\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e5ed7f elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"4e5ed7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46b785a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"46b785a\" data-element_type=\"container\" id=\"ET\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55ff506 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"55ff506\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a80c3b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"a80c3b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6b248af e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6b248af\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b189414 elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon\" data-id=\"b189414\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" id=\"Warstwa_1\" viewBox=\"0 0 48 48\"><defs><style>      .st0 {        fill: #333;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g><path class=\"st0\" d=\"M28.3,37.3v-4.4h-3v-3h3v-3h-3v-3h3v-13.3h9.6c2.3,0,4.2.8,5.8,2.4s2.4,3.5,2.4,5.8-.8,4.2-2.4,5.8-3.5,2.4-5.8,2.4h-6.7v3h5.9v3h-5.9v4.4h-3ZM31.2,24h6.7c1.4,0,2.7-.5,3.7-1.5,1-1,1.5-2.2,1.5-3.7s-.5-2.7-1.5-3.7c-1-1-2.2-1.5-3.7-1.5h-6.7v10.4Z\"><\/path><path class=\"st0\" d=\"M10.9,37.3v-5.9H3.4v-3h7.4v-3H3.4v-3h6L2,10.7h3.5l6.8,10.8,6.8-10.8h3.5l-7.5,11.8h6v3h-7.4v3h7.4v3h-7.4v5.9h-3Z\"><\/path><\/g><g id=\"LbpNEd\"><image id=\"LbpNEd1\" data-name=\"LbpNEd\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" transform=\"translate(-985.9 -671.9)\"><\/image><\/g><g><path class=\"st0\" d=\"M24,46.2c-3.2,0-6.3-.8-9.2-2.5l1.5-2.6c2.4,1.4,5,2.1,7.7,2.1,4,0,7.8-1.5,10.9-4.5l2,2.2c-3.7,3.4-8.3,5.3-13,5.3Z\"><\/path><polygon class=\"st0\" points=\"14.5 45.3 12.1 39.8 18 40.4 14.5 45.3\"><\/polygon><\/g><g><path class=\"st0\" d=\"M13.1,10l-2-2.2c3.7-3.4,8.3-5.3,13-5.3s6.3.8,9.2,2.5l-1.5,2.6c-2.4-1.4-5-2.1-7.7-2.1-4,0-7.8,1.5-10.9,4.5Z\"><\/path><polygon class=\"st0\" points=\"33.5 3.5 35.9 8.9 30 8.4 33.5 3.5\"><\/polygon><\/g><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9da6d96 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9da6d96\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-de97a26 elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"de97a26\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Economics<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9c0e73b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9c0e73b\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c23dfee elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"c23dfee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-02ddce2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"02ddce2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e525147 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e525147\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7d5e54d elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"7d5e54d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<iframe title=\"China-Russia trade has surged since Ukraine invasion\" aria-label=\"Interactive line chart\" id=\"datawrapper-chart-7Rucm\" src=\"https:\/\/datawrapper.dwcdn.net\/7Rucm\/17\/\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"width: 0; min-width: 100% !important; border: none;\" height=\"707\" data-external=\"1\"><\/iframe><script type=\"text\/javascript\">!function(){\"use strict\";window.addEventListener(\"message\",(function(a){if(void 0!==a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"]){var e=document.querySelectorAll(\"iframe\");for(var t in a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"])for(var r,i=0;r=e[i];i++)if(r.contentWindow===a.source){var d=a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"][t]+\"px\";r.style.height=d}}}))}();\r\n<\/script>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ed4293 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7ed4293\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-78f56c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"78f56c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>China-Russia bilateral trade has grown steadily over the last decade and has intensified since the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Following a sharp surge in 2022 and 2023, China\u2013Russia trade stabilized in 2024 at USD 245 billion, more than double that of 2020. In 2025, bilateral trade fell 6.9 percent year-on-year, despite record monthly levels in December.<\/p><p>The trade balance has been relatively even in value, with only a slight Russian surplus. However, it is structurally imbalanced in the types of goods traded. Russia\u2019s exports to China consist mainly of fossil fuels and other natural resources, while China\u2019s exports are manufactured goods such as cars, tractors, electronics, and other consumer products. The value of Russian exports is thus sensitive to volatile energy markets, and part of the initial post-invasion value increase was due to higher energy prices.<\/p><p><strong>Note:<\/strong> Nominal values<\/p><p><strong>Last updated:<\/strong> 2026-04-28<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a7b6e8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"4a7b6e8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1db371c elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"1db371c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3340f0a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3340f0a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1aded84 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1aded84\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f00a63b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"f00a63b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<iframe title=\"Chinese dual-use exports help sustain Russia\u2019s war effort\" aria-label=\"Interactive area chart\" id=\"datawrapper-chart-Ycf9b\" src=\"https:\/\/datawrapper.dwcdn.net\/Ycf9b\/10\/\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"width: 0; min-width: 100% !important; border: none;\" height=\"872\" data-external=\"1\"><\/iframe><script type=\"text\/javascript\">!function(){\"use strict\";window.addEventListener(\"message\",(function(a){if(void 0!==a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"]){var e=document.querySelectorAll(\"iframe\");for(var t in a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"])for(var r,i=0;r=e[i];i++)if(r.contentWindow===a.source){var d=a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"][t]+\"px\";r.style.height=d}}}))}();\r\n<\/script>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e3415 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"44e3415\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8bbc627 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8bbc627\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shipments of dual-use items from China to Russia surged in late 2021, likely driven by stockpiling and year-end production peaks. Exports then fell sharply after the February 2022 invasion of Ukraine amid concerns about sanctions, yet quickly recovered, remaining historically high throughout 2022 and 2023. A renewed decline occurred following the US Treasury\u2019s announcement in December 2023 of potential secondary sanctions on entities assisting Russia\u2019s military-industrial base. However, Chinese exports rebounded in the second half of 2024, suggesting adjustments to circumvent these restrictions. As a result, dual-use shipments from China to Russia once again exceeded USD 4 billion in 2024. At the beginning of 2025, they declined again \u2014 mirroring the overall trend in China-Russia trade \u2014 but rebounded in the following months, and over the full year rose back above USD 4 billion.<\/p><p><strong>Note:<\/strong> The data refers to dual-use goods included in the Common High Priority List, developed jointly by the United States, the European Union, Japan, and the United Kingdom. The list categorizes 50 items, each identified by a six-digit Harmonized System (HS) code, into four tiers. The full list is available on the website of the US Bureau of Industry and Security. The values represent a 3-month moving average and have been adjusted to reflect the HS 2022 Nomenclature amendments.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7a461e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b7a461e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd76d96 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"cd76d96\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-504a7dd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"504a7dd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6c027e9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6c027e9\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-601ea4b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"601ea4b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<iframe title=\"China has become a key market for Russian fossil fuel exports\" aria-label=\"Interactive line chart\" id=\"datawrapper-chart-B5rW6\" src=\"https:\/\/datawrapper.dwcdn.net\/B5rW6\/4\/\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"width: 0; min-width: 100% !important; border: none;\" height=\"735\" data-external=\"1\"><\/iframe><script type=\"text\/javascript\">!function(){\"use strict\";window.addEventListener(\"message\",(function(a){if(void 0!==a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"]){var e=document.querySelectorAll(\"iframe\");for(var t in a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"])for(var r,i=0;r=e[i];i++)if(r.contentWindow===a.source){var d=a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"][t]+\"px\";r.style.height=d}}}))}();\r\n<\/script>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c7b1a19 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c7b1a19\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dea514f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dea514f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Russia\u2019s energy exports to China form the backbone of their bilateral trade, steadily increasing in both value and volume. After 2022, China\u2019s market acted as a safety net, allowing Russia to redirect fossil fuel exports from the West. However, the volatile nature of the exchange \u2013 especially in the case of oil, declining since 2024 and then shooting up in 2026 \u2013 shows how highly dependent this trade is on global energy prices.<\/p><p><strong>Last updated:<\/strong> 2026-04-21<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c03a6af e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"c03a6af\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-39c02f3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"39c02f3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1050af3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"1050af3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d8d2663 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d8d2663\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9333f9b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"9333f9b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<iframe title=\"Oil dominates Russian exports to China, reaching a record high in 2024\" aria-label=\"Interactive line chart\" id=\"datawrapper-chart-9F7Qu\" src=\"https:\/\/datawrapper.dwcdn.net\/9F7Qu\/6\/\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"width: 0; min-width: 100% !important; border: none;\" height=\"632\" data-external=\"1\"><\/iframe><script type=\"text\/javascript\">!function(){\"use strict\";window.addEventListener(\"message\",(function(a){if(void 0!==a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"]){var e=document.querySelectorAll(\"iframe\");for(var t in a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"])for(var r,i=0;r=e[i];i++)if(r.contentWindow===a.source){var d=a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"][t]+\"px\";r.style.height=d}}}))}();\r\n<\/script>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87845a9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"87845a9\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c752f51 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c752f51\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>This chart shows Russian oil exports to China surged from 2022 onwards, reaching more than 108 million tonnes in 2024 \u2013 an increase of about 30 percent since 2022. The growing share of Russian oil in China\u2019s imports is largely a consequence of Western sanctions, which forced Russia to redirect its crude exports \u2013 even at a certain discount. While China has become a key buyer, the value of this trade remains highly sensitive to price fluctuations and market conditions. In the first quarter of 2026, Chinese buyers ramped up imports from Russia, replacing lower imports from India and capitalizing on geopolitical instability.<\/p><p><strong>Last updated:<\/strong> 2026-04-21<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5741ac3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5741ac3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b56fd32 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"b56fd32\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29abe92 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"29abe92\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfa477f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"dfa477f\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-958138c elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"958138c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<iframe title=\"Oil dominates Russian exports to China, reaching a record high in 2024\" aria-label=\"Interactive line chart\" id=\"datawrapper-chart-9F7Qu\" src=\"https:\/\/datawrapper.dwcdn.net\/mgWHU\/25\/\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"width: 0; min-width: 100% !important; border: none;\" height=\"632\" data-external=\"1\"><\/iframe><script type=\"text\/javascript\">!function(){\"use strict\";window.addEventListener(\"message\",(function(a){if(void 0!==a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"]){var e=document.querySelectorAll(\"iframe\");for(var t in a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"])for(var r,i=0;r=e[i];i++)if(r.contentWindow===a.source){var d=a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"][t]+\"px\";r.style.height=d}}}))}();\r\n<\/script>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-24a42ad e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"24a42ad\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-92c7324 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"92c7324\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Russia\u2019s coal exports<\/strong> to China have grown steadily, with a notable acceleration in 2023 due to Western sanctions. As Russian exporters lost access to EU markets, they intensified shipments to China. However, after a record high in 2023, volumes started to decline, suggesting limitations on further growth due to the rise in domestic output in China and diversification of coal imports.\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c88e47 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"4c88e47\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bbb23b5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"bbb23b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bb52217 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"bb52217\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2238ba e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d2238ba\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5673487 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"5673487\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<iframe title=\"Oil dominates Russian exports to China, reaching a record high in 2024\" aria-label=\"Interactive line chart\" id=\"datawrapper-chart-9F7Qu\" src=\"https:\/\/datawrapper.dwcdn.net\/qGUd7\/20\/\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"width: 0; min-width: 100% !important; border: none;\" height=\"632\" data-external=\"1\"><\/iframe><script type=\"text\/javascript\">!function(){\"use strict\";window.addEventListener(\"message\",(function(a){if(void 0!==a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"]){var e=document.querySelectorAll(\"iframe\");for(var t in a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"])for(var r,i=0;r=e[i];i++)if(r.contentWindow===a.source){var d=a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"][t]+\"px\";r.style.height=d}}}))}();\r\n<\/script>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-218ff54 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"218ff54\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7096ea0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7096ea0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Russian LNG exports<\/strong> to China have grown steadily, with a temporary dip in 2021 due to pandemic-related constraints. Chinese LNG imports from Russia nearly quadrupled between 2019 and 2025, reaching a record 9.9 million tonnes. The staggering growth in 4Q 2025 is due to China\u2019s willingness to import cargoes from the US-sanctioned Arctic LNG 2 facility, showing its readiness to ignore US sanctions. However, early 2026 may indicate a return to the previous trend.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-40f9254 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"40f9254\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4771112 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"4771112\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a9c9a9e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"a9c9a9e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9832e85 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9832e85\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4b2932 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"a4b2932\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<iframe title=\"Oil dominates Russian exports to China, reaching a record high in 2024\" aria-label=\"Interactive line chart\" id=\"datawrapper-chart-9F7Qu\" src=\"https:\/\/datawrapper.dwcdn.net\/rfNb2\/14\/\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"width: 0; min-width: 100% !important; border: none;\" height=\"632\" data-external=\"1\"><\/iframe><script type=\"text\/javascript\">!function(){\"use strict\";window.addEventListener(\"message\",(function(a){if(void 0!==a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"]){var e=document.querySelectorAll(\"iframe\");for(var t in a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"])for(var r,i=0;r=e[i];i++)if(r.contentWindow===a.source){var d=a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"][t]+\"px\";r.style.height=d}}}))}();\r\n<\/script>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0931b86 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0931b86\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36ae7d3 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36ae7d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Russia began exporting <strong>pipeline gas to China<\/strong> in 2019 with the launch of the Power of Siberia-1, earmarked to reach its nominal capacity of 38 billion cubic meters per year by 2025. Gazprom indeed reached that level in 2025, exporting 38.8 bcm. With of the loss of Russia\u2019s European market, China has become a crucial recipient of Russian gas. However, Russia needs additional pipelines to expand its market share further. So far, China has been hesitant to approve new projects while Moscow tries to push the project of the Power of Siberia-2 with its 50 bcm\/y design capacity.\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b4105e5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b4105e5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b566e75 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"b566e75\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce66f42 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ce66f42\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-143690c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"143690c\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-254c644 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"254c644\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<iframe title=\"The Chinese yuan share of Russian trade surged after invasion of Ukraine\" aria-label=\"Interactive line chart\" id=\"datawrapper-chart-IK6sx\" src=\"https:\/\/datawrapper.dwcdn.net\/IK6sx\/9\/\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"width: 0; min-width: 100% !important; border: none;\" height=\"564\" data-external=\"1\"><\/iframe><script type=\"text\/javascript\">!function(){\"use strict\";window.addEventListener(\"message\",(function(a){if(void 0!==a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"]){var e=document.querySelectorAll(\"iframe\");for(var t in a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"])for(var r,i=0;r=e[i];i++)if(r.contentWindow===a.source){var d=a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"][t]+\"px\";r.style.height=d}}}))}();\r\n<\/script>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-45539a5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"45539a5\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3d5914b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3d5914b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The share of Chinese yuan (CNY) in Russia\u2019s international trade increased sharply following the February 2022 invasion of Ukraine and subsequent Western sanctions. Before the war, settlements in CNY accounted for less than 2% of Russia\u2019s total trade but rose quickly, reaching nearly 40% in January 2024. However, this growth trend halted after the US Treasury announced that it could impose secondary sanctions on third-country entities assisting Russia\u2019s military-industrial base. Since then, the Central Bank of Russia has stopped publishing specific data on the yuan\u2019s share. According to our estimates based on available official data, the share of CNY in Russia&#8217;s international trade has since dropped to approximately 30%. Meanwhile, the role of Russia\u2019s domestic currency, the ruble, has increased notably.<\/p><p>Since official disclosures ended in February 2024, the estimate can no longer be reliably used in a consistent methodology, creating a structural break in the underlying data. At the same time, the growing use of routing through third jurisdictions and alternative payment mechanisms dilutes the mapping between \u201cfriendly-currency\/ruble settlements\u201d and actual yuan usage, making point estimates misleading.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc090c2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"fc090c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-474de71 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"474de71\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0a6ebd5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"0a6ebd5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-adcee56 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"adcee56\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f4a385 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"8f4a385\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<iframe title=\"Russian natural resources in exchange for Chinese manufactured goods\" aria-label=\"Area Chart\" id=\"datawrapper-chart-E3laR\" src=\"https:\/\/datawrapper.dwcdn.net\/E3laR\/15\/\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"width: 0; min-width: 100% !important; border: none;\" height=\"805\" data-external=\"1\"><\/iframe><script type=\"text\/javascript\">window.addEventListener(\"message\",function(a){if(void 0!==a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"]){var e=document.querySelectorAll(\"iframe\");for(var t in a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"])for(var r,i=0;r=e[i];i++)if(r.contentWindow===a.source){var d=a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"][t]+\"px\";r.style.height=d}}});<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32c2e02 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"32c2e02\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-21deab3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"21deab3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>China\u2019s imports from Russia mainly consist of natural resources. Since February 2022, on average, more than 70 percent of the total trade value has been composed of mineral fuels (primarily crude oil). Other mineral products accounted for a further five percent, base metals seven percent, animal and vegetable products and foodstuffs six percent, and wood and paper four percent. Due to falling global oil prices and higher sanction-driven discounts on Russian oil, the value of mineral fuel exports declined in 2025, while the shares of other categories grew correspondingly.<\/p><p><strong>Last updated:<\/strong> 2026-02-09<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e93450c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"e93450c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d94819 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"6d94819\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29056b4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"29056b4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d39ff31 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d39ff31\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1919171 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"1919171\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<iframe title=\"Chinese exports to Russia by category, percentage share of total exports to Russia\" aria-label=\"Area Chart\" id=\"datawrapper-chart-E3laR\" src=\"https:\/\/datawrapper.dwcdn.net\/abdI6\/16\/\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"width: 0; min-width: 100% !important; border: none;\" height=\"805\" data-external=\"1\"><\/iframe><script type=\"text\/javascript\">window.addEventListener(\"message\",function(a){if(void 0!==a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"]){var e=document.querySelectorAll(\"iframe\");for(var t in a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"])for(var r,i=0;r=e[i];i++)if(r.contentWindow===a.source){var d=a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"][t]+\"px\";r.style.height=d}}});<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d26963 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5d26963\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e464d53 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e464d53\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>China\u2019s exports to Russia are more diversified and consist primarily of manufactured goods. Since February 2022, on average, machinery and mechanical appliances made up around 24 percent of the total trade value. Vehicles (mainly passenger cars) accounted for 16 percent, electrical machinery and equipment 15 percent, and textiles, footwear, and headgear\u00a0 approximately 11 percent.<\/p><p><strong>Last updated:<\/strong> 2026-02-09<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4339f0a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"4339f0a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a71677 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"4a71677\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-093cc5e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"093cc5e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dc3bf79 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"dc3bf79\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-33961ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"33961ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<iframe title=\"No special treatment: Russia\u2019s slower recovery in China's rare-earth magnet exports\" aria-label=\"Line chart\" id=\"datawrapper-chart-snDYB\" src=\"https:\/\/datawrapper.dwcdn.net\/snDYB\/5\/\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"width: 0; min-width: 100% !important; border: none;\" height=\"648\" data-external=\"1\"><\/iframe><script type=\"text\/javascript\">window.addEventListener(\"message\",function(a){if(void 0!==a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"]){var e=document.querySelectorAll(\"iframe\");for(var t in a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"])for(var r,i=0;r=e[i];i++)if(r.contentWindow===a.source){var d=a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"][t]+\"px\";r.style.height=d}}});<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48a4781 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"48a4781\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3010f62 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3010f62\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In April 2025, China introduced new export controls on several medium- and heavy-rare-earth-related items, including some magnet-related products. Exports of rare-earth permanent magnets then fell sharply across destinations. Russia\u2019s drop was comparably deep, but its return to pre-control levels was slower than that of some other partners. There is no clear evidence of special treatment for Moscow: despite the \u201cstrategic partnership,\u201d licensing delays, customs scrutiny, and the new traceability regime appear to have mattered more than geopolitics. The lag was likely reinforced by weaker Russian industrial demand, especially in automotive and other motor-intensive sectors, while some demand may also have shifted into more complex imported goods.<\/p><p><strong>Last updated:<\/strong> 2026-03-26<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f450b73 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f450b73\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7506757 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"7506757\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c45d9bf e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"c45d9bf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2340a4e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2340a4e\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8380fb4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"8380fb4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<iframe title=\"China buys Russian oil at a discount since Ukraine invasion\" aria-label=\"Line chart\" id=\"datawrapper-chart-9jUgW\" src=\"https:\/\/datawrapper.dwcdn.net\/9jUgW\/4\/\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"width: 0; min-width: 100% !important; border: none;\" height=\"685\" data-external=\"1\"><\/iframe><script type=\"text\/javascript\">window.addEventListener(\"message\",function(a){if(void 0!==a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"]){var e=document.querySelectorAll(\"iframe\");for(var t in a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"])for(var r,i=0;r=e[i];i++)if(r.contentWindow===a.source){var d=a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"][t]+\"px\";r.style.height=d}}});<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3abfb05 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3abfb05\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-325c88f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"325c88f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Western sanctions have forced Russia to sell its oil at a discount to global prices. This total selling discount has two components: higher transport costs charged by intermediaries, and a \u201cbuyer\u2019s discount\u201d driven by the stronger bargaining power of the few remaining key buyers. While transport costs have been the larger share, the buyer\u2019s discount captured by China and India remains significant.<\/p><p>For China, the buyer\u2019s discount peaked at about 18% in 2022 before easing to around 5%, with another rise in late 2025 following new US sanctions targeting buyers. Between April 2022 and February 2026, China\u2019s average discount was 7.7%, saving an estimated $18.3 billion.<\/p><p><strong>Note: <\/strong>China\u2019s percentage discount on Russian crude oil is derived from Chinese customs data, comparing the monthly average import unit price of Russian crude oil with the monthly average import unit price of crude oil from non-sanctioned sources (i.e., all countries except Malaysia and Indonesia, which likely consist largely of sanctioned and discounted Iranian oil).<\/p><p><strong>Last updated:<\/strong> 2026-03-26<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b996eb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7b996eb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9781bcf elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"9781bcf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2acceba e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2acceba\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5e927e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5e927e\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b53b0a elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"5b53b0a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<iframe title=\"A sharp increase in Russian imports of Chinese cars began in 2023\" aria-label=\"Column Chart\" id=\"datawrapper-chart-pv2a7\" src=\"https:\/\/datawrapper.dwcdn.net\/pv2a7\/11\/\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"width: 0; min-width: 100% !important; border: none;\" height=\"675\" data-external=\"1\"><\/iframe><script type=\"text\/javascript\">window.addEventListener(\"message\",function(a){if(void 0!==a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"]){var e=document.querySelectorAll(\"iframe\");for(var t in a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"])for(var r,i=0;r=e[i];i++)if(r.contentWindow===a.source){var d=a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"][t]+\"px\";r.style.height=d}}});<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d760d0e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d760d0e\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c98ea3a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c98ea3a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Chinese exports of passenger cars and trucks to the Russian Federation have risen sharply since 2023, following the withdrawal of Western carmakers from Russia. The influx of Chinese finished vehicles effectively filled the supply gap. Exports peaked in 2024, surpassing 1 million passenger cars and reaching nearly 70,000 trucks. In 2025 volumes declined significantly &#8211; by 42% for passenger cars and 72% for trucks. Nevertheless, export levels remained well above their pre-2022 baseline. The contraction largely reflects the market saturation as well as introduction of protectionist measures by the Russian authorities, aimed at curbing imports and shielding domestic producers from further declines in output.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cea765b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cea765b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b09507 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"5b09507\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b8dc761 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b8dc761\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-57f6f6d elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"57f6f6d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"926\" src=\"https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/merics-china-russia-connectivity-routes-in-the-arctic-2026-885x1024.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2006\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/merics-china-russia-connectivity-routes-in-the-arctic-2026-885x1024.png 885w, https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/merics-china-russia-connectivity-routes-in-the-arctic-2026-259x300.png 259w, https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/merics-china-russia-connectivity-routes-in-the-arctic-2026-768x889.png 768w, https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/merics-china-russia-connectivity-routes-in-the-arctic-2026-1327x1536.png 1327w, https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/merics-china-russia-connectivity-routes-in-the-arctic-2026-1770x2048.png 1770w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8104a27 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"8104a27\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6157dda e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6157dda\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-679f18f elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"679f18f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<iframe title=\"Arctic activities reflect Russia\u2019s dominance and China\u2019s selective engagement\" aria-label=\"Locator map\" id=\"datawrapper-chart-5oNJm\" src=\"https:\/\/datawrapper.dwcdn.net\/5oNJm\/19\/\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"width: 0; min-width: 100% !important; border: none;\" height=\"1566\" data-external=\"1\"><\/iframe><script type=\"text\/javascript\">window.addEventListener(\"message\",function(a){if(void 0!==a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"]){var e=document.querySelectorAll(\"iframe\");for(var t in a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"])for(var r,i=0;r=e[i];i++)if(r.contentWindow===a.source){var d=a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"][t]+\"px\";r.style.height=d}}});<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0283580 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0283580\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-928c77e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"928c77e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>This map highlights China\u2013Russia cooperation in the Arctic, alongside Chinese activities and selected key Russian installations in the region.<\/p><p>China has gradually expanded its Arctic engagement. It became observer state in the Arctic Council in 2013 and increasingly describes itself as a \u201cnear-Arctic state\u201d as well as a \u201cgreat polar power\u201d. Much of its activity focuses on scientific research and resource projects, while no Chinese military installations are known. Russia\u2019s much larger footprint in the Arctic reflects geography: around half of the Arctic coastline lies within Russian territory, and the region has long been central to Russia\u2019s military, economic, and energy strategy. Focusing on China-Russia activities, this map features only a selection of key Russian military installations and omits Russian economic, research, and energy installations that have no direct Chinese involvement.<\/p><p>Cooperation between China and Russia is most visible in energy and transport infrastructure. The flagship example is Yamal LNG, where Chinese companies provide financing, construction, and long-term purchase agreements. However, several planned projects have faced delays and uncertainty, partly due to sanctions and financing challenges.<\/p><p>Despite growing interaction, cooperation remains selective and pragmatic. Russia has historically been cautious about large-scale Chinese involvement in its Arctic region, which it views as strategically sensitive. At the same time, Chinese companies have been risk-averse when investing in Russia, particularly under the current sanctions environment and geopolitical risks. As a result, China-Russia cooperation in the Arctic is expanding but remains limited.<\/p><p>Sources: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.belfercenter.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2025-07\/Edstrom%20Hauksdottir%20Lackenbauer_Chinese%20Arctic%20Investments_20250708.pdf\">Belfer Center<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/features.csis.org\/hiddenreach\/china-polar-research-facility\/\">CSIS<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.oxfordenergy.org\/wpcms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Insight-176-Chinese-involvement-in-mining-in-the-Arctic.pdf\">Oxford Energy<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/merics365.sharepoint.com\/sites\/2410-China-RussiadashboardIU\/Freigegebene%20Dokumente\/Discussion\/Arctic%20map\/-%09https:\/www.swp-berlin.org\/publications\/products\/comments\/2025C08_ChinasArcticTurn.pdf\">SWP<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/thebulletin.org\/2025\/12\/the-looming-missile-crisis-in-the-arctic\/\">The Bulletin<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ui.se\/globalassets\/ui.se-eng\/publications\/other-publications\/sino-russian-cooperation-in-the-arctic_implications-for-nordic-countries-and-recommended-policy-responses.pdf\">UI <\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6865bb1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"6865bb1\" data-element_type=\"container\" id=\"M\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0c3f4e7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0c3f4e7\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-996441f elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"996441f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-592b919 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"592b919\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-868d448 elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon\" data-id=\"868d448\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" height=\"48px\" viewBox=\"0 -960 960 960\" width=\"48px\" fill=\"#333333\"><path d=\"M480-80q-140-35-230-162.5T160-522v-238l320-120 320 120v238q0 152-90 279.5T480-80Zm0-62q106-35 175.5-128.5T737-480H480v-335l-260 97v196q0 12 .5 20.5T223-480h257v338Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-34d10bd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"34d10bd\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce59ecf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ce59ecf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><p><strong>Security<\/strong><span style=\"color: inherit;font-size: 2rem\"><\/span><\/p><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e6fa7a3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e6fa7a3\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bd98fd2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"bd98fd2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b77aec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2b77aec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-367f943 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"367f943\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<iframe title=\"Overview: Russia-China military exercises grow strongly since 2022\" aria-label=\"Locator map\" id=\"datawrapper-chart-PxQYk\" src=\"https:\/\/datawrapper.dwcdn.net\/PxQYk\/16\/\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"width: 0; min-width: 100% !important; border: none;\" height=\"1029\" data-external=\"1\"><\/iframe><script type=\"text\/javascript\">!function(){\"use strict\";window.addEventListener(\"message\",(function(a){if(void 0!==a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"]){var e=document.querySelectorAll(\"iframe\");for(var t in a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"])for(var r,i=0;r=e[i];i++)if(r.contentWindow===a.source){var d=a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"][t]+\"px\";r.style.height=d}}}))}();\r\n<\/script>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-068dc39 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"068dc39\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Joint Russia-China military exercises have grown significantly in number, size, complexity, and geographic scope since Russia\u2019s invasion of Ukraine. Since the first one in 2003, they have conducted 97 joint exercises \u00a0\u2013 32 since Russia started the war on February 24, 2022.\u00a0<\/p><p>In 2024, they held 11 joint exercises across ground, naval and aerial domains, including their first naval patrol in the Arctic Ocean, first coast guard patrol, and their first aerial patrol that entered the US air defense identification zone. In September, China participated in Ocean-2024, Russia\u2019s largest naval exercise since the collapse of the Soviet Union.<\/p><p>In 2025, the number of joint drills was lower \u2013 seven in total \u2013 but these broke some new territory. \u00a0Russia and China held their first joint submarine patrol in August. In multilateral formats, they conducted a border defense drill with Mongolia in September, and held the first-ever multilateral Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) exercise in Iran in December. Joint exercises are now becoming more routine, with some taking place annually.<\/p><p>It remains unclear whether China participated in the early-2026 trilateral naval exercise with Russia and Iran amid the significant US military buildup in the region prior to the Iran war in February.<br \/>\u00a0<br \/><strong>Last updated:<\/strong> April 20, 2026<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9813b89 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"9813b89\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1a5483f elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"1a5483f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26aba80 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"26aba80\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1afa3e9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1afa3e9\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db053dc elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"db053dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<iframe title=\"Russia-China military exercises now predominantly consist of naval and aerial patrols\" aria-label=\"Stacked Columns\" id=\"datawrapper-chart-54qNx\" src=\"https:\/\/datawrapper.dwcdn.net\/54qNx\/5\/\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"width: 0; min-width: 100% !important; border: none;\" height=\"601\" data-external=\"1\"><\/iframe><script type=\"text\/javascript\">!function(){\"use strict\";window.addEventListener(\"message\",(function(a){if(void 0!==a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"]){var e=document.querySelectorAll(\"iframe\");for(var t in a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"])for(var r,i=0;r=e[i];i++)if(r.contentWindow===a.source){var d=a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"][t]+\"px\";r.style.height=d}}}))}();\r\n<\/script>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f7929a6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f7929a6\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aa485b0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"aa485b0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Since 2003, Russia and China have conducted 97 joint military exercises across various domains and formats. These include ground, naval, aerial, para-military and multi-domain exercises, as well as army competitions and computer simulations. The number of exercises per year has increased in recent years, reaching an all-time high of 11 in 2024, but decreasing in 2025.<\/p><p>Since 2022, most joint exercises \u2013 20 of 34\u00a0\u2013 have consisted of naval drills and patrols, accounting for all recent growth in joint exercise activity. Between 2009 and 2022, Russia and China conducted only a few such exercises annually. However, in 2024 alone, 7 of 11 exercises were naval, and in 2025, 4 of 7 have been naval drills and patrols.<\/p><p>It remains unclear whether China participated in the early-2026 trilateral naval exercise with Russia and Iran amid the significant US military buildup in the region prior to the Iran war in February.<\/p><p><strong>Last updated:<\/strong> April 20, 2026<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dbae702 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"dbae702\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1da4b18 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"1da4b18\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a8fb1d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2a8fb1d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2a6466 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c2a6466\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ceac18 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"2ceac18\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<iframe title=\"China\u2019s dependence on Russian arms declines steadily\" aria-label=\"Stacked Columns\" id=\"datawrapper-chart-ho3L0\" src=\"https:\/\/datawrapper.dwcdn.net\/ho3L0\/7\/\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"width: 0; min-width: 100% !important; border: none;\" height=\"647\" data-external=\"1\"><\/iframe><script type=\"text\/javascript\">!function(){\"use strict\";window.addEventListener(\"message\",(function(a){if(void 0!==a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"]){var e=document.querySelectorAll(\"iframe\");for(var t in a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"])for(var r,i=0;r=e[i];i++)if(r.contentWindow===a.source){var d=a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"][t]+\"px\";r.style.height=d}}}))}();\r\n<\/script>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6828c90 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6828c90\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88b2379 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"88b2379\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>China has significantly reduced its arms imports from Russia in recent years. This trend is driven by China&#8217;s growing self-sufficiency in military production and has been accelerated by Russia\u2019s declining arms exports amid the war in Ukraine. The overall importance of Russian deliveries to China has diminished \u2013 in 2025, Russia accounted for a smaller share of China\u2019s total arms imports for the first time in the period under review.<\/p><p><strong>Last updated:<\/strong> April 21, 2026<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9abb5fc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"9abb5fc\" data-element_type=\"container\" id=\"S\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e15423d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e15423d\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-246570b elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"246570b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-519c612 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"519c612\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d560594 elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon\" data-id=\"d560594\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" height=\"48px\" viewBox=\"0 -960 960 960\" width=\"48px\" fill=\"#333333\"><path d=\"M490-790q0 29-20.5 49.5T420-720q-13 0-24.5-4.5T374-737q-27 16-45 41t-19 56h530l-40 280H626v-60h125q6-40 11.5-80t11.5-80H186q6 40 11.5 80t11.5 80h125v60H160l-40-280h130q1-49 28.5-89t71.5-63q1-29 21-48.5t49-19.5q29 0 49.5 20.5T490-790ZM374-180h212l28-280H346l28 280Zm-54 60-33-334q-2-26 16-46t44-20h266q26 0 44 20t16 46l-33 334H320Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-150a1b2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"150a1b2\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9514a6a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9514a6a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Politics<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48af5f0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"48af5f0\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8841bd0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"8841bd0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-78090ea e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"78090ea\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c40135e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c40135e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div role=\"presentation\"><p>This timeline tracks China-Russia bilateral engagements in three key domains \u2013 heads of state, diplomatic, and military \u2013 since Russia\u2019s full-scale invasion of Ukraine starting on February 24, 2022. The frequency of these interactions surpasses that of any other bilateral relationship for both China and Russia. Between February 2022 and May 2026, Xi Jinping and Vladimir Putin interacted 19 times through in-person meetings or phone calls. Top diplomats Wang Yi and Sergey Lavrov<u> spoke 34 times<\/u>, including bilateral discussions and within multilateral settings. Military leaders from both sides \u2013 such as Sergei Shoigu, Andrey Belousov, Dong Jun, Li Shangfu, and Wei Fenghe \u2013 held 15 engagements during this period. Other than the frequency of engagements, the trend in key messaging shows growing alignment on strategic coordination in multilateral platforms and a stronger tone in opposing unilateral actions such as sanctions and military interventions by the United States.<\/p><p><strong>Last updated: <\/strong>May 5, 2026<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a7587f6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"a7587f6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<iframe title=\"China and Russia have expanded their bilateral relations\" aria-label=\"Table\" id=\"datawrapper-chart-lPa4i\" src=\"https:\/\/datawrapper.dwcdn.net\/lPa4i\/3\/\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"width: 0; min-width: 100% !important; border: none;\" height=\"1421\" data-external=\"1\"><\/iframe><script type=\"text\/javascript\">!function(){\"use strict\";window.addEventListener(\"message\",(function(a){if(void 0!==a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"]){var e=document.querySelectorAll(\"iframe\");for(var t in a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"])for(var r,i=0;r=e[i];i++)if(r.contentWindow===a.source){var d=a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"][t]+\"px\";r.style.height=d}}}))}();\r\n<\/script>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76ac878 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"76ac878\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ab7ff60 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"ab7ff60\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-de681a3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"de681a3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a44eeff e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a44eeff\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-782767a elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"782767a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<iframe title=\"Voting alignment between China and Russia has declined in the United Nations\" aria-label=\"Interactive line chart\" id=\"datawrapper-chart-qYeMX\" src=\"https:\/\/datawrapper.dwcdn.net\/qYeMX\/12\/\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"width: 0; min-width: 100% !important; border: none;\" height=\"792\" data-external=\"1\"><\/iframe><script type=\"text\/javascript\">!function(){\"use strict\";window.addEventListener(\"message\",(function(a){if(void 0!==a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"]){var e=document.querySelectorAll(\"iframe\");for(var t in a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"])for(var r,i=0;r=e[i];i++)if(r.contentWindow===a.source){var d=a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"][t]+\"px\";r.style.height=d}}}))}();\r\n<\/script>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4597a87 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4597a87\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dbf04dc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dbf04dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The graph shows that voting alignment between China and Russia declined in both the General Assembly and the Security Council from 2018 to 2024, with the steepest drop after Russia\u2019s invasion of Ukraine in 2022. In 2025, however, this trend reversed, and voting alignment increased in both bodies. The number of adopted resolutions in the General Assembly also increased sharply that year to 192, up from around 85 to 100 in the years prior.<\/p><p>Voting coordination remains stronger in the Security Council, where the two countries almost never cast directly opposing votes, though this did happen in November 2024. Resolutions rarely proceed to a vote when a permanent member has signaled its intention to veto, meaning some disagreements are not shown in recorded voting. In this graph, which only shows adopted resolutions, divergence in the Security Council occurs when one votes yes and the other abstains.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-98af1a6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"98af1a6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-243ed7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"243ed7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e23d3f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"6e23d3f\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4b5ac8f elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"4b5ac8f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<iframe title=\"Checkpoints between China and Russia have become busier \" aria-label=\"Locator map\" id=\"datawrapper-chart-a9rOA\" src=\"https:\/\/datawrapper.dwcdn.net\/a9rOA\/4\/\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"width: 0; min-width: 100% !important; border: none;\" height=\"911\" data-external=\"1\"><\/iframe><script type=\"text\/javascript\">!function(){\"use strict\";window.addEventListener(\"message\",(function(a){if(void 0!==a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"]){var e=document.querySelectorAll(\"iframe\");for(var t in a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"])for(var r,i=0;r=e[i];i++)if(r.contentWindow===a.source){var d=a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"][t]+\"px\";r.style.height=d}}}))}();\r\n<\/script>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ae80bac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ae80bac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The operation of border checkpoints serves as a barometer of China-Russia bilateral relations. Traditionally, the Chinese side has been more proactive in promoting trade through these checkpoints, while the Russian side has shown more caution, primarily due to concerns over China\u2019s growing role in the development of the Russian Far East. As a result, infrastructure improvements on the Russian side have progressed slowly. However, since Russia\u2019s invasion of Ukraine and the end of China\u2019s COVID lockdowns, these checkpoints have become significantly busier, with trade volumes reaching record highs. There has also been notable progress in expanding capacity to facilitate bilateral trade \u2013 for instance, the construction of bridges across the Amur River and the expansion of checkpoint facilities. The increasing activity at these checkpoints reflects a broader trend of China-Russia alignment and highlights Russia\u2019s growing dependency on China, suggesting Moscow is now prioritizing its relationship with Beijing, while becoming less concerned about China\u2019s influence in the development of the Russian Far East.<\/p><p><strong>Last updated:<\/strong> February 10, 2026<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2872225 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2872225\" data-element_type=\"container\" id=\"SC\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-313b7a1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"313b7a1\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2f1a99 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"d2f1a99\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c02e2e4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c02e2e4\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e93ed9f elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon\" data-id=\"e93ed9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" height=\"48px\" viewBox=\"0 -960 960 960\" width=\"48px\" fill=\"#333333\"><path d=\"M40-160v-160q0-29 20.5-49.5T110-390h141q17 0 32.5 8.5T310-358q29 42 74 65t96 23q51 0 96-23t75-65q11-15 26-23.5t32-8.5h141q29 0 49.5 20.5T920-320v160H660v-119q-36 33-82.5 51T480-210q-51 0-97-18t-83-51v119H40Zm440-170q-35 0-67.5-16.5T360-392q-16-23-38.5-37T273-448q29-30 91-46t116-16q54 0 116.5 16t91.5 46q-26 5-48.5 19T601-392q-20 29-52.5 45.5T480-330ZM160-460q-45 0-77.5-32.5T50-570q0-46 32.5-78t77.5-32q46 0 78 32t32 78q0 45-32 77.5T160-460Zm640 0q-45 0-77.5-32.5T690-570q0-46 32.5-78t77.5-32q46 0 78 32t32 78q0 45-32 77.5T800-460ZM480-580q-45 0-77.5-32.5T370-690q0-46 32.5-78t77.5-32q46 0 78 32t32 78q0 45-32 77.5T480-580Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c79e63d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c79e63d\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08db644 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08db644\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Society<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52ee893 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"52ee893\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ccd7ef2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"ccd7ef2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfdc218 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"dfdc218\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-370e261 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"370e261\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-299d9e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"299d9e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<iframe title=\"Chinese exchange students in Russia increase steadily every year\" aria-label=\"Interactive area chart\" id=\"datawrapper-chart-oHMug\" src=\"https:\/\/datawrapper.dwcdn.net\/oHMug\/8\/\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"width: 0; min-width: 100% !important; border: none;\" height=\"697\" data-external=\"1\"><\/iframe><script type=\"text\/javascript\">!function(){\"use strict\";window.addEventListener(\"message\",(function(a){if(void 0!==a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"]){var e=document.querySelectorAll(\"iframe\");for(var t in a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"])for(var r,i=0;r=e[i];i++)if(r.contentWindow===a.source){var d=a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"][t]+\"px\";r.style.height=d}}}))}();\r\n<\/script>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f406583 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f406583\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-013668c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"013668c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The number of Chinese exchange students in Russia has grown steadily over the years, increasing from approximately 30,000 in 2020 to over 50,000 in 2024, a 72% increase. Similarly, Chinese students have accounted for a growing share of all foreign exchange students in Russia, rising from 9.4% in 2020 to 13.6% in 2024. As a result, China has surpassed other countries and is now the third-largest country of origin \u2013 its student numbers nearly matching those of the top two, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan.<\/p><p>While Chinese students at the bachelor\u2019s level make up the largest group in absolute numbers, China is by far the leading country of origin for master\u2019s students. In 2024, its 16,411 master\u2019s students represented approximately 36% of all master\u2019s students in Russia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-435dc3a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"435dc3a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8699845 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"8699845\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb49da9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"fb49da9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fdcc01c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fdcc01c\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bd3ff15 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"bd3ff15\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"871\" src=\"https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/merics-chinese-and-russian-stakeholders-praising-bilateral-relations-2-941x1024.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-986\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/merics-chinese-and-russian-stakeholders-praising-bilateral-relations-2-941x1024.png 941w, https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/merics-chinese-and-russian-stakeholders-praising-bilateral-relations-2-276x300.png 276w, https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/merics-chinese-and-russian-stakeholders-praising-bilateral-relations-2-768x836.png 768w, https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/merics-chinese-and-russian-stakeholders-praising-bilateral-relations-2-1412x1536.png 1412w, https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/merics-chinese-and-russian-stakeholders-praising-bilateral-relations-2-1882x2048.png 1882w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b02a30 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7b02a30\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-33e63e9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"33e63e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Explainer paragraph: <\/strong>Key figures in China-Russia bilateral relations indicate a closer alignment across various domains, highlighting stronger strategic coordination in political narratives and military cooperation. Both Xi Jinping and Vladimir Putin have set the tone for these relations, not only based on their respective geopolitical positions but also by promoting a shared worldview and ambition to build an alternative global order \u2013 one in which China and Russia play a greater role as stabilizing powers. This ambition is further articulated by their chief diplomats, Wang Yi and Sergey Lavrov, who emphasize the goal of establishing a multipolar world order and the democratization of international relations. Military leaders from both sides have also called for deeper cooperation, aiming to enhance stability not only between China and Russia but also within the broader global system.<\/p><p><strong>Sources:<\/strong><\/p><p>Quotes from Chinese representatives: <a href=\"https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2024\/07\/04\/asia\/putin-xi-russia-china-alignment-sco-astana-intl-hnk\/index.html\">CNN<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/news\/world\/russia-central-asia\/article\/3230315\/chinas-wang-yi-and-russias-sergey-lavrov-discuss-ukraine-after-saudi-peace-talks-held-without-moscow\">SCMP<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/eng.mod.gov.cn\/xb\/CMCDEPARTMENTS\/News_213079\/16345619.html\">Chinese Ministry of Defense<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/news\/china\/military\/article\/3260584\/chinese-and-russian-defence-ministers-reaffirm-close-bilateral-ties\">SCMP<\/a>,<\/p><p>Quotes for Russian representatives: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2024\/05\/16\/xi-welcomes-putin-to-china-as-both-leaders-seek-to-bolster-ties.html\">CNBC<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/mid.ru\/en\/foreign_policy\/news\/1973884\/?lang=en\">Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/russias-shoigu-hails-relations-with-china-pillar-global-stability-2023-03-13\/\">Reuters<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.globaltimes.cn\/page\/202410\/1321203.shtml\">Global Times<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6db89f9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"6db89f9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b8e340d elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"b8e340d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6fe734b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"6fe734b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c6001a4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c6001a4\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f123cf elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"8f123cf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<iframe title=\"Russia-China tourist visits still not near pre-pandemic levels\" aria-label=\"Interactive line chart\" id=\"datawrapper-chart-Quxrr\" src=\"https:\/\/datawrapper.dwcdn.net\/Quxrr\/5\/\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"width: 0; min-width: 100% !important; border: none;\" height=\"646\" data-external=\"1\"><\/iframe><script type=\"text\/javascript\">!function(){\"use strict\";window.addEventListener(\"message\",(function(a){if(void 0!==a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"]){var e=document.querySelectorAll(\"iframe\");for(var t in a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"])for(var r,i=0;r=e[i];i++)if(r.contentWindow===a.source){var d=a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"][t]+\"px\";r.style.height=d}}}))}();\r\n<\/script>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff0d588 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ff0d588\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08e5ab1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"08e5ab1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The number of tourist visits between Russia and China grew steadily for years, peaking in 2019 with nearly 1.9 million Russian visits to China and over 2.3 million Chinese visits to Russia. However, tourism between the two countries collapsed during the COVID-19 pandemic and further declined following Russia\u2019s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022, with visits dwindling to just a few thousand in 2021 and 2022.\u00a0<\/p><p>In 2023, tourism rebounded significantly in both directions, though it remained far below pre-pandemic levels \u2013 less than a third of the peak recorded in 2019. As a share of total tourist visits to Russia, Chinese tourist visits peaked at 7.7% in 2019, plummeted to 0.3% in 2021 and 2022, and recovered to 5.8% in 2023.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c6bafbf e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"c6bafbf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c825178 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c825178\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eb2119c elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"eb2119c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"955\" src=\"https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/merics-china-and-russia-condemn-the-united-states-attacks-on-Iran-march-2026-1-858x1024.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1928\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/merics-china-and-russia-condemn-the-united-states-attacks-on-Iran-march-2026-1-858x1024.png 858w, https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/merics-china-and-russia-condemn-the-united-states-attacks-on-Iran-march-2026-1-251x300.png 251w, https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/merics-china-and-russia-condemn-the-united-states-attacks-on-Iran-march-2026-1-768x916.png 768w, https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/merics-china-and-russia-condemn-the-united-states-attacks-on-Iran-march-2026-1-1287x1536.png 1287w, https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/merics-china-and-russia-condemn-the-united-states-attacks-on-Iran-march-2026-1-1716x2048.png 1716w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4885fad e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4885fad\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16ffad6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"16ffad6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementToProof\">Beijing and Moscow reacted in close rhetorical alignment to the US-Israeli strikes on Iran and the killing of Iran\u2019s Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, jointly condemning the attacks as violations of sovereignty, international law and diplomacy. Statements from senior leaders, foreign ministries and UN representatives in both countries stressed that Iran was in the midst of negotiations with the United States, portraying the strikes as a \u201cbetrayal of diplomacy\u201d that deliberately undercut ongoing talks and sharply escalated regional tensions. Both sides called for an immediate ceasefire and a return to political dialogue, framing the crisis as a test case for defending the norms of state sovereignty.<br \/><br \/><\/div><div class=\"elementToProof\">Notably, in the Chinese readout of the Lavrov-Wang Yi call of March 1, Sergey Lavrov is quoted as stressing Russia\u2019s readiness to step up coordination with China, including through the United Nations and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization \u2013 a forward-leaning coordination signal that is not mirrored by Wang Yi in the Chinese account. The Russian readout, by contrast, presents the exchange more symmetrically, emphasizing shared positions rather than Russian initiative. As of March 3, Chinese leader Xi Jinping has not officially reacted to the most recent escalations.<\/div><div class=\"elementToProof\">\u00a0<\/div><div class=\"elementToProof\"><b>Sources:<\/b><\/div><div class=\"elementToProof\"><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/div><div class=\"elementToProof\">Quotes from Chinese representatives: <u><a id=\"OWA7302f13b-22f9-9d5f-8622-1f81d81473bc\" class=\"ext OWAAutoLink\" title=\"https:\/\/www.fmprc.gov.cn\/wjbzhd\/202603\/t20260301_11866719.shtml\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fmprc.gov.cn\/wjbzhd\/202603\/t20260301_11866719.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-extlink=\"\" data-outlook-id=\"02b95f14-f30f-4998-bd45-b9262474dbaa\">PRC MFA<\/a><\/u>; <u><a id=\"OWA8c18e14c-2e30-ed59-719b-b08886a54df8\" class=\"ext OWAAutoLink\" title=\"https:\/\/un.china-mission.gov.cn\/eng\/hyyfy\/202603\/t20260301_11866692.htm\" href=\"https:\/\/un.china-mission.gov.cn\/eng\/hyyfy\/202603\/t20260301_11866692.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-extlink=\"\" data-outlook-id=\"5c279a1b-d326-4bcd-bd18-9220d2c85820\">Permanent Mission of the PRC to the UN<\/a><\/u>; <u><a id=\"OWA21c8ea9e-5ca0-9aff-bd99-40ba9966de2e\" class=\"ext OWAAutoLink\" title=\"https:\/\/x.com\/MFA_China\/status\/2028061647269773386?s=20\" href=\"https:\/\/x.com\/MFA_China\/status\/2028061647269773386?s=20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-extlink=\"\" data-outlook-id=\"c585d00a-1aeb-4b1b-b528-d345f36c9879\">X<\/a><\/u><\/div><div class=\"elementToProof\">\u00a0<\/div><div class=\"elementToProof\">Quotes from Russian representatives: <u><a id=\"OWA3389e6c7-d92b-18d5-c139-fc863738a7b7\" class=\"ext OWAAutoLink\" title=\"https:\/\/www.themoscowtimes.com\/2026\/03\/01\/putin-expresses-condolences-to-irans-president-over-khamenei-cynical-assassination-a92081\" href=\"https:\/\/www.themoscowtimes.com\/2026\/03\/01\/putin-expresses-condolences-to-irans-president-over-khamenei-cynical-assassination-a92081\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-extlink=\"\" data-outlook-id=\"da0fbcd5-dc62-448b-81b8-9ea09beb96fd\">Moscow Times<\/a><\/u>; <u><a id=\"OWAbcbb0605-dbeb-e8d7-2c72-036da112a6ec\" class=\"ext OWAAutoLink\" title=\"https:\/\/mid.ru\/en\/foreign_policy\/news\/2083372\/\" href=\"https:\/\/mid.ru\/en\/foreign_policy\/news\/2083372\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-extlink=\"\" data-outlook-id=\"dbc65707-c04d-4e8d-a3da-49166356aba5\">RUS MFA<\/a><\/u>; <u><a id=\"OWAa88bd9c0-5d9e-9c87-78f6-b70da74c987e\" class=\"ext OWAAutoLink\" title=\"https:\/\/russiaun.ru\/en\/news\/28022026\" href=\"https:\/\/russiaun.ru\/en\/news\/28022026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-extlink=\"\" data-outlook-id=\"dda3d1c7-c98f-4c72-9977-0efe1bdbe8f9\">Permanent Mission of RUS to the UN<\/a><\/u>; <u><a id=\"OWA6c847cf6-1875-a117-c898-3309e6d3248a\" class=\"ext OWAAutoLink\" title=\"https:\/\/mid.ru\/en\/foreign_policy\/news\/2083359\/\" href=\"https:\/\/mid.ru\/en\/foreign_policy\/news\/2083359\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-extlink=\"\" data-outlook-id=\"ae913790-89dc-47a4-828f-36f2c9bfaf79\">RUS MFA<\/a><\/u><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dccd92d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"dccd92d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4b08215 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4b08215\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-95827d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"95827d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"988\" src=\"https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/260210_China-Russia-Key-figures-Venezuela_0-829x1024.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1882\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/260210_China-Russia-Key-figures-Venezuela_0-829x1024.jpg 829w, https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/260210_China-Russia-Key-figures-Venezuela_0-243x300.jpg 243w, https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/260210_China-Russia-Key-figures-Venezuela_0-768x949.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/260210_China-Russia-Key-figures-Venezuela_0-1244x1536.jpg 1244w, https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/260210_China-Russia-Key-figures-Venezuela_0-1658x2048.jpg 1658w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c050a2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c050a2c\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-345eade elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"345eade\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The presidents of China and Russia were relatively restrained in their public statements after the US capture of Venezuelan President Nicol\u00e1s Maduro on January 3, 2026. They\u00a0spoke\u00a0largely in\u00a0generalized\u00a0terms about international order and sovereignty, refraining from explicitly mentioning Venezuela in subsequent weeks. However, their foreign ministry officials and representatives at the United Nations directly named and condemned Washington for its actions. They consistently framed these as violations of international law, as destabilizing for the international order, and as undermining the interests of the broader international community. Chinese and Russian representatives also depicted the United States as a unilateral bully, using the Venezuela episode to present themselves as more restrained, law-abiding, and responsible great powers.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51dd8e6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"51dd8e6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a6c1b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"8a6c1b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f109e4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f109e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Analyses<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-17475e6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"17475e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9b9ed55 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"9b9ed55\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3736fa5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3736fa5\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-35de973 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"35de973\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMinna \u00c5lander, Filip Rudnik, Eva Seiwert <br> | Mar 06, 2026\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a664a94 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a664a94\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/merics.org\/en\/podcast\/china-and-russia-deepening-relationship-minna-alander-filip-rudnik-and-eva-seiwert\">China and Russia \u2013 a deepening relationship? With Minna \u00c5lander, Filip Rudnik and Eva Seiwert<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b11b2a4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b11b2a4\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-372f3bb elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"372f3bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<iframe src=\"https:\/\/www.buzzsprout.com\/1825833\/episodes\/18800613-china-and-russia-a-deepening-relationship-with-minna-alander-filip-rudnik-and-eva-seiwert?client_source=small_player&amp;iframe=true&amp;referrer=https:\/\/www.buzzsprout.com\/1825833\/episodes\/18800613-china-and-russia-a-deepening-relationship-with-minna-alander-filip-rudnik-and-eva-seiwert.js?container_id=buzzsprout-player-18800613&amp;player=small\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"200\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"MERICS China Podcast, China and Russia \u2013 a deepening relationship? With Minna \u00c5lander, Filip Rudnik and Eva Seiwert\"><\/iframe>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d61be e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"31d61be\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-05a7459 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"05a7459\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e120c42 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e120c42\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Eva Seiwert | Feb 11, 2026<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-95442b8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"95442b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/merics.org\/en\/comment\/china-offers-its-partners-economic-lifelines-and-diplomatic-cover-not-military-guarantees\">China offers its partners economic lifelines and diplomatic cover \u2013 not military guarantees<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ced9b7b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ced9b7b\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c9375d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c9375d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/merics.org\/en\/comment\/china-offers-its-partners-economic-lifelines-and-diplomatic-cover-not-military-guarantees\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"270\" src=\"https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/524479091-1024x346.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1909\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/524479091-1024x346.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/524479091-300x101.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/524479091-768x259.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/524479091.jpg 1480w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47936e1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"47936e1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-14e75e7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"14e75e7\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c1a716 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7c1a716\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"author-name\">Maciej Kalwasinski<\/span>, <span class=\"author-name\">Filip Rudnik<\/span> | Feb 11, 2026<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-444a307 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"444a307\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/en\/publikacje\/osw-commentary\/2025-12-12\/closing-ranks-russia-china-energy-cooperation-amid-escalating\">Closing ranks: Russia-China energy cooperation amid escalating confrontation with the West<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c624881 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c624881\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f9ff170 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f9ff170\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/en\/publikacje\/osw-commentary\/2025-12-12\/closing-ranks-russia-china-energy-cooperation-amid-escalating\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"270\" src=\"https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/460530631-1024x346.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1905\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/460530631-1024x346.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/460530631-300x101.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/460530631-768x259.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/460530631.jpg 1480w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6497b48 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"6497b48\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c17e3b1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c17e3b1\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91884a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"91884a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Eva Seiwert | Dec 18, 2025<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7d08a22 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7d08a22\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/merics.org\/en\/comment\/irans-first-ever-sco-military-exercise-solidifies-ties-china-and-russia\">Iran's first-ever SCO military exercise solidifies ties with China and Russia<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-acd9d08 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"acd9d08\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89f5e0e elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"89f5e0e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/merics.org\/en\/comment\/irans-first-ever-sco-military-exercise-solidifies-ties-china-and-russia\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"270\" src=\"https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/544492436-1024x346.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1904\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/544492436-1024x346.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/544492436-300x101.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/544492436-768x259.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/544492436.jpg 1480w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3548315 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3548315\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9a70653 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9a70653\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16c9086 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"16c9086\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Claus Soong | Nov 06, 2025<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a97089 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2a97089\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/merics.org\/en\/comment\/china-russia-military-cooperation-targeting-taiwan-could-link-european-and-asia-pacific\">China\u2013Russia military cooperation targeting Taiwan could link the European and Asia\u2013Pacific theaters<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2008723 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2008723\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b30c298 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b30c298\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/merics.org\/en\/comment\/china-russia-military-cooperation-targeting-taiwan-could-link-european-and-asia-pacific\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"270\" src=\"https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/533109386-1024x346.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1900\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/533109386-1024x346.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/533109386-300x101.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/533109386-768x259.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/533109386.jpg 1480w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-be5acd3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"be5acd3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee73757 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ee73757\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-83d88ba elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"83d88ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Patrik Andersson | Nov 06, 2025<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ed7eee elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1ed7eee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/merics.org\/en\/comment\/friends-moving-apart-china-and-russia-united-nations\">Friends moving apart? China and Russia at the United Nations<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7173c3d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7173c3d\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dc40a0e elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"dc40a0e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/merics.org\/en\/comment\/friends-moving-apart-china-and-russia-united-nations\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"270\" src=\"https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/549528086-1024x346.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1896\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/549528086-1024x346.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/549528086-300x101.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/549528086-768x259.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/549528086.jpg 1480w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4efb7bc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"4efb7bc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0796532 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0796532\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c6612fd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c6612fd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Henrik Wachtmeister | Sep 05, 2025<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16d2d96 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"16d2d96\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/merics.org\/en\/comment\/power-siberia-2-litmus-test-sino-russian-relations\">Power of Siberia 2: A litmus test of Sino-Russian relations<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-beb6c8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"beb6c8e\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a6e417f elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a6e417f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/merics.org\/en\/comment\/power-siberia-2-litmus-test-sino-russian-relations\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"270\" src=\"https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/278483371-1-1024x346.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1895\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/278483371-1-1024x346.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/278483371-1-300x101.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/278483371-1-768x259.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/278483371-1.jpg 1480w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9bab09f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"9bab09f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a89799 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3a89799\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29d2530 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"29d2530\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Claus Soong | July 31, 2025<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff589e5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff589e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/merics.org\/en\/comment\/china-and-russia-are-using-shanghai-cooperation-organization-push-alternative-global-order\">China and Russia are using the Shanghai Cooperation Organization to push alternative global order<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-68c90ad e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"68c90ad\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f1206b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f1206b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/merics.org\/en\/comment\/china-and-russia-are-using-shanghai-cooperation-organization-push-alternative-global-order\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"270\" src=\"https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/471106522-1024x346.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1290\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/471106522-1024x346.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/471106522-300x101.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/471106522-768x259.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/471106522.jpg 1480w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c6708bf e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"c6708bf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-184fa52 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"184fa52\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a5b876 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6a5b876\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Maciej Kalwasi\u0144ski\u00a0| July 30, 2025<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8c8053 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e8c8053\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/en\/publikacje\/analyses\/2025-07-30\/china-russia-trade-early-2025-fueling-moscows-war-despite-headwinds\">China-Russia trade in early 2025: Fueling Moscow\u2019s war\u202fdespite headwinds<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f6b950e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f6b950e\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b6a80b5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b6a80b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/en\/publikacje\/analyses\/2025-07-30\/china-russia-trade-early-2025-fueling-moscows-war-despite-headwinds\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"270\" src=\"https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/na-strone-rosja-chiny-1024x346.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1292\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/na-strone-rosja-chiny-1024x346.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/na-strone-rosja-chiny-300x101.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/na-strone-rosja-chiny-768x259.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/na-strone-rosja-chiny.jpg 1480w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e49ee10 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"e49ee10\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fbaed15 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fbaed15\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3bc5d9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d3bc5d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Claus Soong |\u00a0May 07, 2025<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0fb6a04 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0fb6a04\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/merics.org\/en\/comment\/china-russia-alignment-shared-vision-without-fully-seeing-eye-eye\">China-Russia alignment <\/br>\u2013 a shared vision, without fully seeing eye to eye<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4786693 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4786693\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7002be7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7002be7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/merics.org\/en\/comment\/china-russia-alignment-shared-vision-without-fully-seeing-eye-eye\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"270\" src=\"https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/489203996-1024x346.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1267\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/489203996-1024x346.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/489203996-300x101.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/489203996-768x259.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/489203996.jpg 1480w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9a9f20a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"9a9f20a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2155af9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"2155af9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73f66fd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"73f66fd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-54210d3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"54210d3\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9e49bd7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9e49bd7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hugo von Essen | May 06, 2025<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d83034 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d83034\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sceeus.se\/en\/publications\/joint-military-exercises-signal-deepening-russia-china-strategic-alignment\/\">Joint military exercises signal deepening Russia-China strategic alignment<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47c00d6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"47c00d6\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-da3243e elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"da3243e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/sceeus.se\/en\/publications\/joint-military-exercises-signal-deepening-russia-china-strategic-alignment\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"270\" src=\"https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/513059900-1024x346.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1269\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/513059900-1024x346.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/513059900-300x101.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/513059900-768x259.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/513059900.jpg 1480w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0c279c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"e0c279c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bf6ef3c elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"bf6ef3c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f1c47c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7f1c47c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3730561 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3730561\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4647481 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4647481\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Filip Rudnik | May 07, 2025<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-64f71e2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"64f71e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/en\/publikacje\/analyses\/2025-05-12\/china-russia-trade-asymmetrical-yet-indispensable\">China-Russia trade: asymmetrical, yet indispensable\u202f<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0bdd7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0bdd7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48dd424 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"48dd424\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/en\/publikacje\/analyses\/2025-05-12\/china-russia-trade-asymmetrical-yet-indispensable\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"270\" src=\"https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/490509629-1024x346.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1270\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/490509629-1024x346.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/490509629-300x101.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/490509629-768x259.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/490509629.jpg 1480w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a038df e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7a038df\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-101a3ac elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"101a3ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97191a3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"97191a3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e5c0a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5e5c0a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mercator Institute for China Studies (MERICS)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-242411c elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"242411c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2950144 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2950144\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ad62b86 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ad62b86\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62ca87c elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"62ca87c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/HelenaLegardaWebsite-150x150.png\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-image-1274\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/HelenaLegardaWebsite-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/HelenaLegardaWebsite.png 192w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6019495 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6019495\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"block block-layout-builder block-field-blocknodeteam-membertitle\"><strong><span class=\"field-wrapper field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden node-title\">Helena Legarda<\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n<section class=\"block block-layout-builder block-field-blocknodeteam-memberfield-job-title\">\n<div class=\"field-wrapper field field-node--field-job-title field-name-field-job-title field-type-string field-label-hidden\">\n<div class=\"field-items\">\n<div class=\"field-item\">Lead Analyst<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7da3e6f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7da3e6f\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2257d7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a2257d7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Claus-Soong_MERICS_Marco-Urban_-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-image-1272\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Claus-Soong_MERICS_Marco-Urban_-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Claus-Soong_MERICS_Marco-Urban_-700x700.jpg 700w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f878344 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f878344\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"block block-layout-builder block-field-blocknodeteam-membertitle\"><strong><span class=\"field-wrapper field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden node-title\">Claus Soong<\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n<section class=\"block block-layout-builder block-field-blocknodeteam-memberfield-job-title\">\n<div class=\"field-wrapper field field-node--field-job-title field-name-field-job-title field-type-string field-label-hidden\">\n<div class=\"field-items\">\n<div class=\"field-item\">Analyst<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ffb768 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1ffb768\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13da8de elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"13da8de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/merics-eva-seiwert-web-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-image-1784\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/merics-eva-seiwert-web-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/merics-eva-seiwert-web-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/merics-eva-seiwert-web.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b71a9f7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b71a9f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"block block-layout-builder block-field-blocknodeteam-membertitle\"><strong>Eva Seiwert<\/strong><\/section><section class=\"block block-layout-builder block-field-blocknodeteam-memberfield-job-title\"><div class=\"field-wrapper field field-node--field-job-title field-name-field-job-title field-type-string field-label-hidden\"><div class=\"field-items\"><div class=\"field-item\">Senior Analyst<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b5ee325 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b5ee325\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a51f16 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"2a51f16\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a788e67 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a788e67\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Centre for Eastern Studies (OSW)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7fede5e elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"7fede5e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0970cbc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"0970cbc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bbe177d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"bbe177d\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fcf043e elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"fcf043e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/maciej_Kalwasi_heigh-res-150x150.png\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-image-1277\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/maciej_Kalwasi_heigh-res-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/maciej_Kalwasi_heigh-res.png 192w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f4e9125 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f4e9125\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"block block-layout-builder block-field-blocknodeteam-membertitle\">\n<section class=\"block block-layout-builder block-field-blocknodeteam-membertitle\"><strong><span class=\"field-wrapper field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden node-title\">Maciej Kalwasinski<\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n<section class=\"block block-layout-builder block-field-blocknodeteam-memberfield-job-title\">\n<div class=\"field-wrapper field field-node--field-job-title field-name-field-job-title field-type-string field-label-hidden\">\n<div class=\"field-items\">\n<div class=\"field-item\">Senior Fellow, China Department at the Centre for Eastern Studies (OSW)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e53a91 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3e53a91\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3245a36 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3245a36\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Filip-Rudnik-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-image-1276\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Filip-Rudnik-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Filip-Rudnik.jpg 192w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16491ab elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"16491ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"block block-layout-builder block-field-blocknodeteam-membertitle\">\n<section class=\"block block-layout-builder block-field-blocknodeteam-membertitle\"><strong><span class=\"field-wrapper field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden node-title\">Filip Rudnik<\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n<section class=\"block block-layout-builder block-field-blocknodeteam-memberfield-job-title\">\n<div class=\"field-wrapper field field-node--field-job-title field-name-field-job-title field-type-string field-label-hidden\">\n<div class=\"field-items\">\n<div class=\"field-item\">Senior Fellow, Russian department at the Centre for Eastern Studies (OSW)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-faba636 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"faba636\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-853ebf2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"853ebf2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d29e075 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d29e075\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Swedish Institute of International Affairs (UI)\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d13d190 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"d13d190\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d530844 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"d530844\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ba3b0a9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ba3b0a9\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-039bd6d elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"039bd6d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/patrik-andersson-hi-res-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-image-1278\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/patrik-andersson-hi-res-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/patrik-andersson-hi-res.jpg 192w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1c83a3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a1c83a3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"block block-layout-builder block-field-blocknodeteam-membertitle\">\n<section class=\"block block-layout-builder block-field-blocknodeteam-membertitle\">\n<section class=\"block block-layout-builder block-field-blocknodeteam-membertitle\"><strong><span class=\"field-wrapper field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden node-title\">Patrik Andersson<\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n<section class=\"block block-layout-builder block-field-blocknodeteam-memberfield-job-title\">\n<div class=\"field-wrapper field field-node--field-job-title field-name-field-job-title field-type-string field-label-hidden\">\n<div class=\"field-items\">\n<div class=\"field-item\">Analyst, Swedish National China Centre<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b0755b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7b0755b\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e1e0447 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e1e0447\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/minna-alander-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-image-1785\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/minna-alander-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/minna-alander.jpg 192w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-15fa591 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"15fa591\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"block block-layout-builder block-field-blocknodeteam-membertitle\"><section class=\"block block-layout-builder block-field-blocknodeteam-membertitle\"><section class=\"block block-layout-builder block-field-blocknodeteam-membertitle\"><strong>Minna \u00c5lander<\/strong><\/section><section class=\"block block-layout-builder block-field-blocknodeteam-memberfield-job-title\"><div class=\"field-wrapper field field-node--field-job-title field-name-field-job-title field-type-string field-label-hidden\"><div class=\"field-items\"><div class=\"field-item\">Analyst, Stockholm Centre for Eastern European Studies (SCEEUS)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/section><\/section>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-633cebf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"633cebf\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d018137 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d018137\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/henrik-wachtmeister-2-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-image-1280\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/henrik-wachtmeister-2-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/henrik-wachtmeister-2.jpg 192w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-734f1d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"734f1d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"block block-layout-builder block-field-blocknodeteam-membertitle\">\n<section class=\"block block-layout-builder block-field-blocknodeteam-membertitle\"><strong><span class=\"field-wrapper field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden node-title\">Henrik Wachtmeister<\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n<section class=\"block block-layout-builder block-field-blocknodeteam-memberfield-job-title\">\n<div class=\"field-wrapper field field-node--field-job-title field-name-field-job-title field-type-string field-label-hidden\">\n<div class=\"field-items\">\n<div class=\"field-item\">Research Fellow, Swedish National China Centre<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>China-Russia Dashboard: a special relationship in facts and figures China and Russia are closer today than in decades. To help understand this relationship at a time of historic geopolitical tension, this dashboard tracks and analyzes the economic, political, security, and social dimensions of their interaction and how it changes over time. It is a collaborative [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1040","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>China-Russia Dashboard -<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"China-Russia Dashboard: a special relationship in facts and figures\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/wp-sites\/?page_id=1040\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pl_PL\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"China-Russia Dashboard\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"China-Russia Dashboard: 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